Work, Worthiness, and Turning 79 Cents On The Dollar On Its Head

So I mentioned earlier a Forbes.com op-ed by über-MRA (and former N.O.W. board member?) Warren Farrell.

In the column (which I won’t link to), while attempting to justify why women earn less than men, Farrell says first

When I was on the board of directors for the National Organization for Women in New York City during the 1970s, I led protests against the pay gap. I wore a “59 Cents” pin to reflect my objection to the discrimination I felt was the cause of women earning only 59 cents to each dollar earned by men. Now, since I’m a husband and father, discrimination against women isn’t just political, it’s personal.

So far so good, although as we’ll see in a moment he (like everyone else who uses the 59 Cents on the dollar, or 79 Cents, or, now since there really has been some progress, I think up to 85 Cents) he’s still firmly, almost inextricably lodged in the idea that men are the frame of reference against which all else is measured.

But then he goes on to make what he seems to think is the killer argument about why it’s ok that, outside of certain limited fields, men earn more than women.

It’s not that women are less effective or productive—they just have different priorities. A 2001 survey of business owners with M.B.A.s conducted by the Rochester Institute of Technology found that money was the primary motivator for only 29% of women, versus 76% of men. Women prioritized flexibility, fulfillment, autonomy and safety.

...

Without husbands, women have to focus on earning more. They work longer hours, they’re willing to relocate and they’re more likely to choose higher-paying fields like technology. Without children, men have more liberty to earn less—that is, they are free to pursue more fulfilling and less lucrative careers, like writing or art or teaching social studies.

...

But wait. Don’t companies favor men for these greater responsibilities to begin with? Sometimes. Overall, though, track records being equal, whoever is more willing to relocate, travel and work 80-hour weeks receives greater responsibilities. The male corporate model is built on a man’s greater willingness to be a slave of sorts—especially once he has to provide for children.

[Note: I want to stop right here and agree that one must agree with the premise that the only reason women earn less is because they’re unwilling to tackle the hard stuff. That may or may not be true but in the context of this post I’m going to ask that you provisionally accept it because inside the premise there are some conclusions that could be very interesting to feminists and damn well ought to be riveting to men. At the end of the post you’re welcome to resume other assumptions that I too very likely share. —fl]

Um… in other words, in the world where men are the frame of reference for all humans, it’s “normal” to be willing to be a slave of sorts, to work crippling hours, to travel, to strive to rise to your level of incompetence rather than stick at what you’re best at or enjoy most, in other words to sacrifice the material, social, spiritual, convivial, and health benefits of having a family in order to provide for a family.

But if you stop looking at everything in terms of men as the measure of all else… you might instead notice that rather than women earning 79 cents on the dollar, men are earning maybe $1.25-$1.30 on the dollar…

... and if you start looking at it that way then one thing that shakes out is that men are willing to work themselves to death, neglect their families and their health, lose their hair, resort to Viagra, learn to expect a divorce every 7.1 years on average, have a scope-of-life so limited that golf plus one fishing trip a year plus occasional binges on the strip-joint ATM constitutes recreation… all for a crummy extra quarter on the dollar.

And all for what, again? It’s not like this isn’t a personal question for me. For instance back in the middle 1980s I lost a fiancee at least in part because a year after college I finally found a job started working 90/100-hour weeks to support us and get out of college-related debt. With the result that after about three months she left me for someone new who was more than an exhausted, neglectful obsessive/compulsive-disorderd workaholic. Ok, so she happened to leave me for another woman so there were other factors involved, but if I’d been around she might not have had so much time to think about what she really wanted in life. :-)

Now while I sound like maybe I’m being critical of men for making the kind of decisions I’ve made too. I’m really not. Instead I’m just trying to point out that if we persistently look at the world we live in it as if we’re the yardstick with which all else is measured, it becomes extraordinarily difficult for us to take our own measure! The twenty-five cent premium on our lives and happiness begins to glisten or perhaps glare where once it was invisible to us.

Since it’s hard to make decisions about that which is invisible to us, it’s handy to have the premium visible to us because then, and only then, do we have a choice. And, humans being the social animals that we are it’s a choice we can involve our partners, our children, our community… even our employers in.

And the first question I wish I’d asked my erstwhile fiancée would be “Is getting out of debt as fast as inhumanly possible and getting a little nest egg saved up worth the expense to you of virtual abandonment by your partner in a new town away from your friends and family?” And she might have replied “No, I’d prefer it if you throttled back a little so we could spend more time together, especially since I’ll be able to start working full time in a couple of months and we can pay things off together… and that way it’ll even go twice as fast.”

Did I though? Nope. It’s not that I didn’t discuss it with her, it’s that I never discussed it as if I, or she, had any choice. In retrospect the results were pretty predictable. Ask me how I felt about that extra twenty-five cents on the dollar than?

The wretched thing about it was I was so bound up in that proving-myself-a-provider role that when she left I told myself it wasn’t because I worked too hard for too long but that I hadn’t worked lots harder for slightly less time!

That wouldn’t have worked. But I was so wrapped up in what I’ve started thinking of as men’s fetish of worthiness (which corresponds to women’s “beauty myth”) to see it.

Just something to think about.

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One other item you miss is how tightly the development of “worthiness” was tied to the rise of capitalism and the bourgeoisie, as typified by a line such as “You will have my daughter’s hand in marriage when you have a POSITION, young man.” If we are going with desire or passion as an acte gratuit separate from what is “earned” or “deserved”, I’m trying to envision something other than chaos as a result. The fact is that (in the aggregate) women respond to displays of male dominance and one form of this dominance is economic, and while this is not a very nice “order” it is intelligible and discernable. One other item is that if sex is “gratuit”, how does that avoid becoming another form of entitlement? By emphasizing that one CAN have sex, with no obligation? But we knew that and had that already under the “worthiness” system + feminism. And (like capitalism) it’s an IMPOSED system, meaning that refusing to play has tremendous immediate costs (ask a subordinate male of average physical attractiveness, or a male in a low-paying female-dominated field, how high-achieving or especially attractive women relate to his occupation, and you will not be surprised) and potentially marginal benefits, most of which can only be realized (in the sense of “made real”) in the long term.

This is separate, of course, from the issue of whether dominance is a GOOD thing for women to respond to, the “no-sex class”, the SC, etc.

[Oh yeah, the opposite of worthiness fetishism isn’t unrestricted sexual privilege! No more than we’re required to have just any old soul along for supper just because we require only conviviality rather than wealth, accomplishment, or status from the dinner companions we choose to invite. I loved your channeling the Victorian father — first because, especially before the advent of the automobile and emancipation of women, the parents weren’t just the metaphorical gatekeepers they were the literal ones; and second because just because worthiness is fetishized doesn’t mean it became fetishized for no cause at all. Thanks, Eurosabra. —fl]

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Follow your bliss…

that’s all that ever mattered anyway.

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Figleaf, I’m glad you posted a lovely photo with each of these posts on Warren Farrell; it’s a good antidote to my Farrell allergy.

I’m still trying to figure out exactly what you mean with “worthiness.” Do you mean the breadwinner ideal? That’s the impression I get here (and from your earlier post on worthiness, too). If so, it’s not really the counterpart to either the no-sex class or the beauty ideal. It’s part and parcel of what Joan Williams describes In Unbending Gender as “domesticity,” which she defines as an “ideal worker” (e.g., figleaf working 90 hours/week) and a supportive partner at home. It’s impossible for an ideal worker to function on those terms over the long run without a support system, particularly if he or she (but usually he) has children. It’s a trap for everyone; the primary parent is boxed out of most decent-paying work, while the ideal-worker parent loses out on time and closeness with his family.

Looked at through this lens, the “bartering” of sex in courtship that you’ve written about recently is just the first step in a chain: Woman is cast as the gatekeeper for sex. Man “proves” his desirability by displaying his wealth and status and then gets access to sex. Man continues to prove himself as the breadwinner when said sex results in children. In the next exchange, woman supports man’s breadwinner role, relegating herself to long-term economic dependency, where all she has left to barter with it … sex. (And no, I don’t mean any of this in an EvPsych way!)

So the “choices” we make are already highly structured and constrained. That’s why it makes no sense to blame individual men (or women) who hew to the old stereotypes. Williams, Ann Crittenden, and others have shown that most of the wage gap now actually maps onto mothers vs. non-mothers, rather than men vs. women. To that degree, Farrell is right that people’s choices matter. But do we really want to live in a society where parental responsibilities are still grounds for legal discrimination? Or where long-term stay-at-home parents are at grave risk for poverty in old age?

The only winner in this system is the employer, who gets a lot more labor power out of its “ideal-worker” employees than would be available if those ideal workers had to fix all their own meals, deal with dry cleaners, and – most of all – provide hands-on care for their own kids.

The biggest losers, of course – even more than the men and women – are those kids who rarely get to see their dads.

This won’t change until many more men start choosing to be radically more involved in parenting. By that I mean a level of involvement that has traditionally meant a hit to a mother’s career prospects. And the only way to get there is to start changing the social and economic rules of the game. Sweden, for instance, more or less compels fathers to take some paternity leave. I don’t know offhand if Swedish men are more likely to enter non-traditional occupations, but I’m pretty sure they have less fucked-up attitudes about sex than we Americans do. :-)

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All true.

To the extent that if a man chooses to forego the extra 25% in favour of being a human being, there is perceived to be something wrong with him.

A curious documentary about the nature of “Englishness” (something that seems very elusive to define), found that a lot of English folks would say, “yeah, a bigger salary would be nice, but I like what I do” – but these were largely in the fringes, away from the main economic powerhouses of the country. And when I look at the way Europe is portrayed by some Americans (in particular, Republican-supporting Americans) it is that this desire for a worthwhile (as opposed to worthy/profitable) life is a form of abject laziness.

(It occurs to me that the initial event in the film “Jerry McGuire” is all about a man who realises the futility of the profit motive, and gets sacked as a result)

As you might expect, that view isn’t quite as prevalent in this country, but there is still suspicion of a man who chooses to work less than he can (although we still get about twice as much holiday as USAians). If you say you’re happy with enough to live on, you’re seen as “lacking ambition” or “not a team player”.

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It’s perverse that many of the very things men are raised/socialized to believe will make them worthy partners in fact make them less appealing as partners. Being there is so very important.

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Few would admit it, but we all allow ourselves to be tyrannized by the societal dictates of tradition. It doesn’t matter if that traditional pathway is toward marriage, children, providing, sexism, religion, or any myriad of impositions, but it is endemic to the success of capitalism – in what we do for money, for prestige, for career, the hours we work within the prisons our myths create and the ‘marketing’ ploys we accept. It’s hard to think outside that box when the lid is down and it’s reinforced with norms, nails and duct tape.

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