Medium Messages for Women and Men

So the other day in class we watched the third revision of social theorist Jean Killbourne’s classic lecture, Killing Us Softly III, Advertising’s Image of Women, on the pernicious, generally degrading messages advertising presents to and about women, shows a young supermodel-type bride exuberantly kissing an elegantly white-tuxedo’d, visibly verging on senescence geriatric man at what, from the muted background, appears to be the culmination of a wedding.

The approximate tagline: “She’s marrying him for his money. Like he cares!”

Killbourne correctly points out one of the overt and covert subtexts of the ad: the dangled reward for bending one’s self to conform to the exacting standards of beauty the more one is likely to marry a millionaire who’ll indulge your every (financial) whim, with the even less savory messages about men, money, women, beauty and it’s impact on heterosexual sex and marriage. Eww!

I’d like to add to, rather than subtract from, Killbourne’s point about the impact of the implications about the beauty imperative on women in that ad (and countless others like it) by pointing briefly to the implications about the worthiness imperative on men who might see that ad: without money or other accomplishments you’re nothing…

...and more to the point, without money or other accomplishments you’re not going to get that girl because she’s going to marry that rich geriatric instead of you.

The point, again, isn’t that ads like the ones Killbourne points to adversely influence women — that’s a complete given, a case she makes extremely clear. What’s overlooked is that those ads instruct men too. They teach women what they’re supposed to look for, to sacrifice to achieve, to measure themselves against and… they also teach men what we’re supposed to strive for as well, what we’re supposed to prove ourselves worthy in order to get. That’s all bad enough — obviously two rats in a squirrel wheel is not an improvement over only one. What’s particularly bad, however, is that those ads teach men is how to use women to measure our achievement. In other words if there’s a continuum for men that ranges from young man who’s to shy to ask anyone out because he has no car, to the old man in the ad who’s affluent enough to “have” women clamoring after him, then at each stage of that progression women in media are used, objectified, buried face down and legs up, stripped of humanity in favor of their utility as mile markers.

Now don’t get me wrong. I’m not saying it’s right or wrong, good or bad, to like to dress up or to have a nice car. Not at all, at all. But the ads we see in medium after medium push way past fun and towards a totally false “survival of the fittest” mentality where, we’re supposed to believe, only the hottest woman and the worthiest men will be worth hooking up with and everyone else must settle for “second” best. When, in fact, beauty and worthiness aren’t maximum values but fairly low threshholds to be crossed, and past that threshhold real people begin to be way, way more influenced by, oh, say, love and romance, compatibility out of and in bed, ability to communicate, and all the other countless qualities this course is helping us scratch the surface of.

In other words what I hope is that next time we watch Killbourne’s older films, or open Rolling Stone or Vogue or GQ or Maxim we’ll swallow back our bile at the frankly abusive, commodifying, objectifying use of women… and at the same time whisper a bitter curse at the message they’re simultaneously sending to men.

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All advertising is manipulative wouldn’t you say? I admit I’ve been remiss in not noticing the worthy-ness factor until you pointed it out and my sons confirmed it.
But there are also ads which try to sell women things that could be viewed as possibly unlikely to appeal to women which infuriate me. I’m thinking of the Intel one, all in pink, which used to assume women want to choose computers by way of little quizzes that ask inane questions (similar to “choose your ideal partner, is he charming, intelligent etc”). I think Sony do something similar. Is there anything equivalent trying to sell men something perceived as unlikely to appeal to them?

The photo is lovely and reCaptcha says “it” “charmingly” :)

[Hi A, thanks for reporting confirmation from your sons. As for the pink computer chips and power drills? Yeah, um, what’s that about? I mean… if nothing else you’d think they’d do something a little clever and maybe use that blue color that’s always used to demonstrate superior “absorbency” in tampon and pad advertisements. —fl]

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Hey Figleaf,

My comment has nothing at all to do with this post, but I wanted to tell you that I was browsing through some of your old posts today and oh! My! Gosh! I really like your writing. Especially Peaches and Cream which you originally posted in summer 2005. I was reading summer posts because I am so desperate for winter to be over, and oh how I miss summer things like peaches and warm nights. My partner has band practice tonight and he will come home after I am asleep, so now I have something to dream about while he’s gone. I am glad you live really far away from me, Figleaf, because if I ever met you in real life, I would not be able to look you in the face without blushing.

[Aww. Thank you, Mag. —fl]

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I have always argued that to find the main culprit of perpetuating misogyny and patriarchal gender-binary attitudes, has to be mainstream advertising.

Any advert works by proposing or implying an ideal world, in which the advertiser’s product somehow plays a key role.

These ideal worlds almost always present a very clear depiction of the “traditional” gender binary, with it being the woman’s job to stay at home, look after the kids, do the cooking, cleaning, etc and the man’s job to go out and be the wage-earner, adventurer, etc.

Even where they purport to be subverting these norms, in fact they are subtly upholding them. For example, there are a number of adverts that present men doing housework; however, most of them have the men doing a task that is supposedly long and laborious, in order to score points (i.e. worthiness) with their womenfolk. The point is that the product makes what seems a long and laborious task into a short and easily-finished one, so that you can score worthiness points and still have time to do “manly” things like watch the sport on the television.

The only other example is more interesting, in that it presents two “housewives” who are actually very obviously big, burly, builder-types in drag, competing to mop up spilt liquids. one uses “our leading competitor” and the other uses the product being advertised. Even though this does not show men having an “ulterior motive” it still supports the gender binary, because the men are in drag – emphasising (for “comic” purposes, of course) that the work they are doing is “women’s work”.

Only in a few areas is gender representation in advertising less clear-cut, for example, car adverts nowadays do not seem to associate the genders with particular types of car, at least, not as much as they used to do.

[Nicely put, SE. —fl]

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Back when I was in college I took a class “Psychology of Gender”. We watched that video and we ALSO watched a video by a man that talked about advertising’s imagery of men. No, I don’t recall the title. The interesting thing was that several of the ads addressed were the same ads. And so of course different aspects of the ad were highlighted in the other video. So it’s NOT overlooked that the ads influence men – you’re just taking a “women’s studies” class so they’re only talking about women. There’s a good reason I never took any women’s studies classes – I can’t stand one-sided analysis like that.

[I’d say that if my analysis had been unwelcome in class there’d be more reason for concern, Plymouth. Given that the instruction received so far seems to be surprising both the women and men in class I’m pretty sanguine about the effort — if there were more men in academia agitating for gender-balanced education then yeah, what’s currently but somewhat inaccurately called women’s studies wouldn’t be necessary and the tendency to focus on women’s issues would be less understandable. —fl]

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You said:

“What’s overlooked is that those ads instruct men too.

What I was saying is that it’s NOT overlooked in general – just in the class YOU’RE taking. Complaining that men’s issues are being overlooked in a women’s studies class seems a lot like complaining that you don’t get to see any elephants on a whale watch.

[All true, Plymouth, but as I might have said earlier, you get the same reaction from chemists in physics classes or vice versa since their pragmatic vs. precision relationships to mathematics is so different. (I took an integrated studies class with a physicist, and a chemist, and a microbiologist and their panel discussions as we progressed through each of their subject areas were, to say the least, fascinating. And instructive. Especially considering the subject matter included the history and philosophy of science. —fl]

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Oh, hey, and a little googlesleuthing turned up the title of the video about images of men in advertising:

Stale Roles and Tight Buns

(sorry I can’t find a better link than that – it does not appear to be in IMDB)

[Hey, that’s great, Plymouth. I’ll ask my professor if they have that in their course library. I’d also be interested to know if it was derivative or independent of Killbourne’s work. Other than that piece they don’t seem to have much of a web presence at all. —fl]

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Plymouth, I’m glad you posted that title. I’d be interested in screening it.

FWIW, I do show Killing Us Softly III in my intro to women’s studies class, and I always make sure that men and masculinity are a big part of the discussion. This is partly a reflection of my own interests, but it’s also indicative of women’s studies’ gradual transformation into gender studies. We just renamed our program “Women’s and Gender Studies.” We kept “women” in the name for reasons figleaf captured very well in his comment above. If we ever become a non-sexist society, there’ll be no reason to foreground women anymore. But until that utopian day, our current name describes what we do.

There’s considerable variation in how much women’s studies instructors care about – and teach about – masculinity. But men and masculinity have been the subject of serious scholarship since the late 1980s, and by the 1990s most women’s studies classes were incorporating it. I don’t know when or where you went to college, Plymouth, but I’d be cautious about assuming that the name of the course guarantees the analysis will be one-sided.

Figleaf, I’m not gonna comment on the substance of your post here, because I started writing something and got even less pithy than usual. And so I’ve now got a post on my blog involving your stuff and Luce Irigaray. I’m really not competent to write about her or any other French feminist, but that’s the beauty of blogging, isn’t it – the freedom to experiment.

[I just went over and read your post, Sungold. Makes sense to me. I might add it also makes sense that Women’s Studies would have evolved considerably, especially as it’s become more accepted in the mainstream. —fl]

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I certainly never experienced a lack of looking at the way that gender informs and constructs men and masculinity in any of my Women’s Studies classes, as Plymouth suggests. If anything the conversation was often about how limiting rigid gender systems can be to any of the people who are expected to conform. Women’s Studies is known as Gender studies in many places because it certainly isn’t the case that men don’t have a gender that is as constructed as that of women.

In any case, what I really wanted to do was to point you to the work of Jackson Katz. His film Tough Guise does for masculinity studies what Killbourne’s does for looking at construction of femininity. He also has a collaborative project with Killbourne looking at the culture of alcohol and advertising.

Katz spoke at my university a couple of years ago, and I think what he has to say is really interesting. Check it out.

[Thanks for the reminder, Nikki. I’ve heard about Katz from several sources and he’s on my list for after I finish this course. Sounds like a very interesting, thoughtful man. —fl]

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