Jessica Valenti Julia Serano of the, um, mainstream feminist website Feministing raises the alarm about proposed revisions to psychiatry’s main reference, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM.
...do you happen to be attracted to, or in a relationship with, someone who is differently-abled or differently-sized? Or someone who is gender-variant in some way? Well congratulations, you may now be diagnosed with a paraphilia!
Seriously.
[Contributing author Ken Zucker and Ray] Blanchard and other like-minded sex researchers have coined words like Gynandromorphophilia (attraction to trans women), Andromimetophilia (attraction to trans men), Abasiophilia (attraction to people who are physically disabled), Acrotomophilia (attraction to amputees), Gerontophilia (attraction to elderly people), Fat Fetishism (attraction to fat people), etc., and have forwarded them in the medical literature to denote the presumed “paraphilic” nature of such attractions. This tendency reinforces the cultural belief that young, thin, able-bodied cisgender women and men are the only legitimate objects of sexual desire, and that you must be mentally disordered in some way if you are attracted to someone who falls outside of this ideal. It’s bad enough that such cultural norms exist in the first place, but to codify them in the DSM is a truly terrifying prospect.
Another frightening aspect of Blanchard’s proposal is that any sexual interest other than “genital stimulation or preparatory fondling” is now, by definition, a paraphilia. In his presentation, he claimed that paraphilias should include all “erotic interests that are not focused on copulatory or precopulatory behaviors, or the equivalent behaviors in same-sex adult partners.” Copulatory is defined as related to coitus or sexual intercourse (i.e., penetration sex). So, essentially, all forms of sexual arousal and expression that are not centered around penetration sex may now be considered paraphilias.
Quite a (dry, bitter) mouthful in my excerpt, above, but Valenti has more in her post. Read it and weep.
Or, possibly, not weep. A lot of ordinary, mundane worries, fantasies, and interests show up in the DSM — worrying that you forgot to turn off the stove, losing sleep over finances or politics, and stuff like that for instance — but is technically only a problem when taken to extremes. There’s a point on the way to the airport where my partner almost always remembers something we forgot and wonders if we should go back for it. That’s not crazy — not least when, sometimes, it’s something we really should go back for… like my wallet. Instead it’s a quirk. If she were instead immobilized and unable to leave the house because she obsessively catalogued the things we might otherwise leave behind then one of the DSM diagnoses would kick in and treatment might be sought, approved, and (assuming her insurer agreed… a big assumption) undertaken.
But still, as Valenti points out, perfectly functional people are sometimes saddled with DSM disorders. And some of the proposed “disorders” are actually nobody’s flipping business if conducted in privacy on one’s own or with other adults who decide they want to participate.
Interestingly, there’s been a lot of pressure to back off the so-called gender identity disorders that umbrella transvestism, transgender, and transsexualism. Valenti doesn’t mention whether those are still in. (The tactical and strategic reasons for keeping it in, including insurance mandates for sex reassignment, possibly makes this more complicated than it might be.) But adding being attracted to trans-men and women seems like upping the ante: it seems… disordered to attach a disorder to someone who’s something it’s not a disorder to be.
And along those lines I’m more than a little uncomfortable with designating attraction to the aged or infirm. Not least because, last I heard, it’s not a disorder to be aged or infirm. In which case you’re really aiming to screw up the lives of otherwise perfectly ordinary people by… scaring off or nailing their prospective partners.
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This is not, incidentally, an abstract issue. I’m fairly confident the bill died in session (as most, um, quirky bills do) but… well, remind me to post about the (now dead-in-session one hopes) Massachusetts bill “protecting” anyone and everyone over age 60 by adding “and anyone older than 60” to all child sexual assault statutes!
What does “cis” mean? Is this jargon for those in the know?
five of nine: “Cisgender” is someone who’s gender identity and biological sex match up.
As for my response to this post: Sigh. Sometimes I hate the people in my profession. They’re much more closed minded than you can imagine. That said, it’s important to note that all of these things can be a fetish. Just being in a relationship with someone that is disabled does not mean you have a fetish. However, if you seek out those that are disabled and can only get off when with someone that is disabled, to the point that it interferes with your sex life, well, then yeah, you have a fetish. But falling in love with someone with a disability does not automatically define you as a fetishist.
However, you make an important part in regards to the criteria for being diagnosed with many of the things listed in the DSM. One of the first criteria is that it is impairing daily functioning or causing distress for the person. If it is interfering with their life in a negative way or they don’t like the feelings associated with it, it’s egodystonic and therefore may deserve a diagnosis.
I think that is the important distinction to make. We have to be careful not to pathologize people and not to over diagnose, but at the same time acknowledge that these things can exist as fetishes or can cause distress or disturbance to functioning.
You can stick “philia” on anything, but generally paraphilias require either the involvement of non-consenting people or “significant distress or impairment” to be considered diseases—if you’re a sexual sadist who plays safely with willing partners and doesn’t feel bad about it, that’s just fine with the DSM.
The problem isn’t that someone who likes fat people and is happy about it is going to have treatment thrust upon them, the problem comes when someone likes fat people, feels guilty about it, and goes to a therapist. Classifying the philia itself as the problem encourages the therapist to try and change someone’s sexuality when they should really be working on the guilt.
Personally, I’d eliminated the specific sexual behaviors entirely from the DSM and just have two paraphilias: “Sexually Abusive Behavior Disorder” and “Sexual Identity Adjustment Disorder.” It doesn’t matter if someone feels bad because they like panties or amputees or asparagus, what matters is that they feel bad and that’s what treatment should be focusing on.
[“I’d eliminated the specific sexual behaviors entirely from the DSM and just have two paraphilias…” I think that’s probably the way to go, in part because you’re right that it’s, say, compulsive behavior however it manifests, not compulsive behavior oriented about a specific thing. (For instance I’ve got OCD whether I worry about leaving the stove on, locking the door, or turning off lights before I go out. Yet the trend would seem to be that if those are specified as disordered and I show up being OCD about making sure the answering machine is on before I go out then… I’m not covered till the next DSM update.) But more to the point, yeah, as DaisyDeadHead points out, you wind up with these implicit assumptions that desiring only stacked Swedish supermodels named Svenga is perfectly normal. I’m so promoting this comment. Thanks, Holly. —fl]
I know this is a sidebar, but it bothered me, so here goes …
Insurance not covering a treatment doesn’t automatically block you from receiving that treatment. It’s possible to pay for treatments out of pocket. Yes, in some (many?) cases the out of pocket cost is prohibitively high, but not always.
It worries me that your phrasing strongly implies that if your partner were diagnosed with a mental illness and your insurance wouldn’t cover it, you would both just shrug your shoulders, and that’s that.
I would assume that if your partner did become ill in any way that your insurance didn’t cover, you would probably work very, very hard to make room for the out of pocket expense to your budget. So maybe this is just a comment on editing, not on content =0
On the other hand, I do think that people (not necessarily you) sometimes forget that insurance isn’t the only route, and it seems to me to fall into a similar thought process with comments that suggest that government-sponsored anything is free, when of course everything the government does is backed by taxes. Insurance, as with taxes, is just one way to manage the fact that services cost money. Imperfect, and I certainly do not like the US employer-tied health insurance system, but I do recognize that it’s an attempt to address health care costs in some way.
Anyway. Sorry for the massive derail. Just some thoughts.
[Hi Monique. Sorry about the insurance snark. You’re right of course. And just because they won’t pay doesn’t mean the care isn’t needed. Thanks. —fl]
I’m getting the idea that people don’t know about the “devotee” community and the unethical lengths to which many go, compromising others’ privacy and safety. While there are good points here, the mental health community probably needs to find the balance in understanding the acceptability of attraction to nonconformist bodies versus the extreme this can take. People definitely shouldn’t be labeled as mentally ill for attraction, but there’s a line somewhere.
[The term “devotee,” which you run into a lot, gives me the jimmies when used in reference to people-as-things. I don’t have a lot of experience with fetishists but it seems like there’s more than one category of “disorder” when one is dealing with fetishes specific kinds of people — whether the disabled or the stereotypically “stacked” or “redhead.” Thanks, F. —fl]
Monique – Uninsured costs are ridiculous, though. I recently went to see a general practitioner about a very minor problem that was cleared up with one exam, one blood test and one bottle of medication. The total costs pre-insurance added up to more than I make in a month. (It was made affordable partly by my insurance, but also partly because medical providers reduce their bills dramatically for insured people—a $100 fee was billed to the insurance as $20, when I would’ve had to pay $100 upfront.)
If I had a problem that required repeated visits or multiple medication adjustments or an inpatient stay, there’s no way I could afford the cash cost just by working very, very hard.
And sex reassignment surgery, which was the insurance issue here, costs way more than I make in a year. It’s not a matter of working hard or making room in the budget—I don’t have any collateral worth enough to take out the large mortgage I’d need to do that as private pay.
Hi Holly,
I definitely recognize that some medical costs are prohibitively expensive. But I also know (in part because I’ve seen it first hand) that in some cases the insurance company is charged more than you would be if you paid cash. Prescriptions are one area where costs are often prohibitively high without insurance, and I don’t think paying in cash would make a difference.
I was also responding to Figleaf’s mention of a hypothetical OCD situation, because that’s where he had an aside about health insurance. I don’t know what the standard treatment is for OCD, but I do know how expensive it is to see a therapist out of pocket, and have been fortunate enough to be able to do that when I needed to.
I haven’t thought about the question “should health insurance cover gender reassignment?” enough to have any kind of opinion. In the current US system, typically the cost would be distributed across the employees of the company with higher premiums starting the following year. At least, that’s what happened at my company in 2000; in 1999 a bunch of us were able to get LASIK according to the insurance documentation. We did, and everyone in the company paid for it the next year. I (naively) didn’t realize what would happen when I got the surgery, although I doubt it would have kept me from doing it. I probably would just have felt moderately guilty. (Not that I’m comparing LASIK to gender reassignment in terms of need; more in terms of distributed cost burden.)
The same thing can happen at companies, especially small companies, when an employee has a catastrophic illness or accident.
I think I would read that as a behavioural disorder, and not merely one of “attraction to”, though. It isn’t the attraction that’s the disorder; it’s the decision process based on it.
Whenever things like this come up, I start to think that if they keep narrowing and narrowing the definition of “normal”, it will soon become (if it isn’t already) the norm to be abnormal, and eventually the whole thing will become pointless. I’ve already given up on it personally, to the point where I think they’re the freaks, not us!
My new slogan: “We’re all mad, so stop worrying and enjoy life!”
WOW, I am getting into the DSM at long last? To quote Steve Martin in THE IDIOT: “I’m in the phone book, I’m somebody now!” Dayum, I feel all tingly.
But you know, I really would have felt better seeing that as a kid. I tried looking myself up, and couldn’t find me. At the risk of sounding like a cliche, it happens to be the truth: I thought I was the only one.
I would have been relieved to learn it had an official name, which meant at least there was one more.
...
Britni: However, if you seek out those that are disabled and can only get off when with someone that is disabled, to the point that it interferes with your sex life, well, then yeah, you have a fetish.
Let’s rephrase that:
However, if you seek out those that are thin blonds and can only get off when with someone that is a thin blond, to the point that it interferes with your sex life, well, then yeah, you have a fetish.
See how silly that sounds, when you fit in with the majority? But THE FACTS are the same: a certain physicality is required for arousal, but it’s perfectly fine, and no one would think to call that a fetish. It’s a GIVEN that you should be aroused by thin blonds.
Also, if you are only having sex with women who are thin blonds, that IS your sex life. How can it “interfere” with your sex life?
Huh?
(((grumbles)))
Did my comment evaporate?
It’s probably just as well.
[Hi Daisy. My publishing system is a little wonky — to reduce server load it rebuilds pages on a schedule instead of each time a change is submitted. Sorry about the scare. Your earlier comment is now visible. —fl]
Interesting post. Just wanted to point out that the original post on Feministing is not by Jessica Valenti, the site editor, but by Julia Serano, author and trans activist. Credit where credit is due, and all.
[Doh! Thanks, Jessica. I’ve corrected the attribution. My apologies to Julia. —fl]
“Interestingly, there’s been a lot of pressure to back off the so-called gender identity disorders that umbrella transvestism, transgender, and transsexualism.”
A great deal of the recent activism around that is because of the involvement of Zucker and Blanchard, who have enormous professional investment in the continued/increased pathologization of trans* issues.
I’m short on time, so I’ll just direct you to what Questioning Transphobia’s posts tagged DSM-V; between the posts themselves and the links, you should be able to get an idea what’s up with that.
Sunflower
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