evolutionary psychology

One of Terri Conley's Six Myths Probably Helps Shape the Other Five

Wed, 2011-10-19 21:24

Feministing blogger Maya summarizes Terri Conley's debunking of six common gender-essentialist myths. Follow the links to read the rest. The last two myths really stood out for me.

5) Men like casual sex more than women do

This is one of the most persistent myths out there. But the researchers say that women’s reluctance to accept an offer of casual sex is mostly because they’re not convinced the guy will be good in bed (see #4) and are afraid of being slut-shamed. If you account for these two barriers, the gender difference disappears.

6) Women are pickier than men

Everyone tends to be choosier when they’re approached by a potential partner, and less choosy when they’re doing the approaching. So it’s our lingering expectation that men do the asking and women the accepting–not some evolutionary bullshit about spreading seeds–that keeps this myth alive.

Source: Feministing

The factors affecting #5 seem to be the crux of the matter for a lot of the other discrepancies. The higher the likelihood that sex will be personally disappointing (not just non-orgasmic but downright bad) the more “reasons” you’re probably going to need to do it anyway regardless of gender.

Meanwhile, to the extent “slut shaming” imposes external costs above and beyond personal enjoyment (or, conversely, to the extent that “stud-congratulating” imposes external benefits beyond actual enjoyment) you’d expect to see those being shamed limiting their activities.

If you include in “slut shaming” awkward little historical tendencies like “honor killings” and “stone her if she’s not a virgin on her wedding night,” plus psychiatric treatment for “nymphomania” if she wants sex more than her long-term partner, and approximately 0% interest from authorities if you’re sexually assaulted then we’re not just talking about a little name calling being an inhibiting factor. You don’t need special “genes” to explain that — just the plain old ordinary genes for self-preservation.

I'm perfectly comfortable with the notion of behavior-linked genes shaped by self-preservation in social situations. I just generally have a tough time with selected-for behavior that has to have evolved to handle a wide variety of fairly subtle and often ephemeral gendered situations.

The Trials and Tribulations of Role Reversal as Heterosexual Couples Age Challenge the Standard Model of Evolutionary Psychology

Mon, 2011-07-11 16:11

In the course of hitting the nail on the head about sex and aging, Joanna Cake also perfectly outlines why the Unified Field Theory of pop Ev-Psych is so wrong radar won't find it.

If you are in a relationship, Sex and Menopause is a subject which needs to be dealt with as a couple. Many marriages will be affected by the female's surge of testosterone prior to her Menopause which can leave her temperamental and sexually insatiable - and this is particularly noticeable (and often rather annoying) when her man begins to become aware of a gradual lessening of libido at the same age. But it's the mood swings and hot sweats that can really get a girl down. Bad tempered outbursts, hot sweats, lack of sleep, the feeling that we have no identity of our own accompanied by the female equivalent of a raging hard-on. It's not a good mix and is the basis for a female midlife crisis.

Source: Having My Cake and Eating It Too

'Member how EPs always say men "evolve" behavior one way while women "evolve" exactly the opposite?  Through entirely different forms of selective pressure based on entirely different optimized reproductive strategies?

Try telling that to a 45-year-old woman who's 55-year-old husband's drinking, smoking, and eating habits have started catching up with him!

For that matter, in my (at least so far!) 2nd- and 3rd-hand experience try telling that to a 55-year-old man who's 45-year-old wife's years of eating right and hitting the gym three times a week have kept her healthy and seems to be "constantly" (i.e. more often than he's comfortable with) hitting him up for sex when mostly he'd rather cuddle or watch TV.

The behavior of older heterosexuals is surprisingly similar to the behavior of teens and 20-year-old college students exhaustively monitored by pop Ev-Psych professors... only with the sexes reversed.

Now if you were to tell me there was a general evolved behavior that humans manifest when they experience more urge to have sex than their partner, or when faced with more pressure to have sex from their partner then I'd say sure, sounds great!

I just don't think you can build a sex-specific evolutionary case that explains how men's and women's behaviors morph, in matching fashion, as we age.

You Don't Really Need Evolution to Explain Sexting... Which Is Good Because It Only Emerged About Twelve Years Ago

Sun, 2011-06-12 20:15

Sungold uses reactions to the Rep. Weiner cybersex scandal to emphasize a far more "scandalous" but actually utterly mundane fact about "sexting." (emphasis mine)

I wouldn’t be able to give [reporters asking for a gender-studies take] a pat explanation, because I think that masculine sexual entitlement isn’t the whole story. We all have an unruly id. Men aren’t the only folks playing at sex on the Internet. Every hetero man playing around in the vast cyber sex emporium is interacting with female partners (or at least, so he thinks).

Source: Kittywampus

Yes.  Yup.  Yeah, exactly!  Whatever one might think of Weiner himself (I'm generally forgiving but not at all about to forget) the behavior he actually engaged in was by all (or possibly all but one) accounts step-wise consensual and/or reciprocally escalated.

But how, sez all the knee-squeezing twits who reflexively think "hurr hurr they said 'weiner,'" could that possibly happen if people with lady parts were involved?  Sungold has a suggestion that will shock them even further.

Mainstream practitioners of ev psych systematically avoid theorizing about pleasure. It’s all about “reproductive success.” And yet, the quest for pleasure is by far the more parsimonious explanation for Weiner’s actions. What’s more, it even explains his partners’ actions! Weiner and his partners were looking to get off. They wanted the thrill of being wanted. They enjoyed the thrill enough to risk (or repress) the potential for embarrassment, should they be caught out. Of course it’s true that Weiner, as a congressman, had more to lose, but the women have also been dragged through the mud in ways that were foreseeable. They, too, took a risk.

Shocking I know.  But there you go.  Lady parts don't get wet when you drop a quarter in them (the "women need a reason, men just need a place" theory), or when they think they're going to get a baby (the hysterical womb theory) or even just for their husbands (the monogamous "what evolution does to keep the offspring's father around the house" theory.)

Instead I have it on very good authority (on average more than 103.4 million authorities in the United States alone) that lady parts get wet when women get horny.  And on average when they get horny it feels really, really good when someone rubs their lady parts just right or (gasp!) when they do it to themselves!  And on average stuff like consensual, reciprocally escalated online flirting, sexting, and phone cyber sex makes women horny, which makes them wet, which makes it feel even better when they rub their lady parts.

Hmm... wouldn't it be funny if you had to lay out a similar case to explain why men like online flirting, sexting, and phone- and cybersex?

Now to respond fairly to the field Sungold is interrogating, yes, the fact that rubbing your own lady- or gentleman is really pleasurable is probably a byproduct of evolution.  But only in the same way the hair on our heads grows in such a way that we can enjoy looking at it when we part it in the middle is a byproduct of evolution: as a byproduct of some other probably-more-critical function.

But trying to explain why our drives to reproduce is directly rather than very-indirectly responsible for our appreciation of parting our hair in the middle or rubbing our own parts, without using a general (no-doubt evolved) ability to hack our gene expressions for pure personal enjoyment is going to be a fool's chase.

Hmm... to digress even further, an even better example of the general phenomenon of hacking might be that many people like Jagermeister despite the fact that eons ago our animal ancestors evolved a kind of taste bud that identifies poisonous alkaloids as bitter.  We evolved the taste buds to avoid eating poisonous plants and minerals, but since we're flexible enough to hack taste-bud expression we're able to take pleasure from the flavor of Jagermeister.

To get back on track, anyway, Sungold's right that the general, non-sex-specific drive to create pleasurable sensations from direct stimulation of nerve endings, regardless of their original "purpose" goes way farther to explain why men and women sext and cybersex each other than any amount of speculation about seed spreading or husband retention.

"Nature" Vs. Natural Opportunity: Powerful Women As Attracted to Adultery as Powerful Men

Fri, 2011-06-03 15:55

Back in April Echidne said of the incontrovertible biological "fact" that women's interest in men is exclusively related to men's wealth, status, or power

As long as women are, on average, poorer than men we are going to observe more female hypergamy than male hypergamy.

Source: Echidne of the Snakes

That's even empirically true. But guess what else is true? For some mad, zany, bogus Rules of Desire-defying reason, the vast, vast majority of women still want relationships with men.  Why you'd think it might have something to do with... something besides "golddigging."  Maybe it even has something to do with, you know, heterosexual desire.  Just like, you know, heterosexual men!

And guess what?

Crazy I know but there you have it.

But! In the face of that "fact" of female "hypergamy" have you ever wondered women are inclined to behave when they themselves achieve personal wealth, status, and/or power?

Turns out a Dutch sociologist, Joris Lammers of Tilburg University, has spent a lot of time researching the effects of personal power on individuals' morality, legitimacy, hypocrisy, depersonalization. And it turns out he's just applied the question of how personal power affects women's relationships to fidelity and adultery in a survey of business women with 1,500 respondents.

The upshot? I'm not crazy about the source publication (the Daily Mail) but while their prose and photography is heavily larded with lurid stereotypical examples the gist seems consistent with the sort of things Lammers has said in prior articles. (His current paper is not yet available on line.)

[H]igh-earning, successful women are every bit as willing as men to use their power to attract younger lovers for quick flings.

...

However, a new academic study suggests women are inherently no more virtuous than men. It’s just that, in the past, they have lacked the confidence or opportunity to stray.

...

Like men, women are finding that power is a potent aphrodisiac. And just like men, they are giving in to the thrill of illicit lunchtime assignations and the sheer excitement that accompanies their transgression.

Nor do they feel any more guilty or ashamed about it than a man would — if anything, less so.

Source: The Daily Mail

That tends to bear out Echidne's point. Much of what we "know" about women's "nature" comes from history and tradition. And for most of history, and by near-universal tradition, women have had doodly-squat personal power, status, or wealth. And when one is in a dependent situation one makes other trade-offs in exchange. And when it comes to sexual relationships, especially possibly reproductive ones, the tradeoff evidently is less sexual fulfillment and self-expression in favor of maintaining the trust and interest of the person one depends on.

But!

That means many of the qualities tradition and history assigns to women are artifacts of power, status, and wealth imbalances rather "natural" ones. In other words the behavior we're used to is a product of socially-constructed gender not innate biological sex.

And incidentally I'd just add that whereas one might be tempted to say that power, status, or wealth makes women behave "just like men" that that too is gender construction. For that matter it's also class construction. Because to say "women of independent means are as likely as independent men to be unfaithful" isn't to say that if all women of means aren't unfaithful then the assertion falls apart. And that would be because the assertion also means that non-dependent men are no more likely to commit adultery than comparable women. And in fact, over all, men and women are approximately as inclined to fidelity and monogamy as they're inclined towards adultery and polyfidelity.

There are observed differences but the Daily Mail's reporter, Ruth Sunderland (who unlike many of her colleagues, must not have been drunk or horny), interviewed a Financial Times columnist and novelist, Lucy Kellaway and came away with a likely reason that's also far more social than "natural."

‘There is a double standard,’ she says. ‘A man having an affair might be seen as a bit of a lad, whereas a woman like Stella in my book is likely to be seen as pathetic, or a bitch and a slapper.

‘Because there are so few women executives, the ones that do succeed are put on a pedestal — and they have a lot farther to fall. The message of my book is that affairs end badly for everyone.’

And, while the figures demonstrate very clearly that increasing numbers of successful women are being tempted to stray, can women really divorce sex from commitment in the same way as a man?

Well, no, not if you put it that way. But the reason isn't that women are different from men, it's that society judges women differently from men.

That's not the same thing at all, at all: "held to a different, double-standard" simply isn't a heritable biological trait.

Via Emily Tan and Em and Lo.

Why London School of Economics Should Consider Dismissing Satoshi Kanazawa

Mon, 2011-05-23 14:03

Note: Satoshi Kanazawa used the generic catchphrase "black" in the post I'm about to discuss.  Since it's not clear from his context whether his racism was directed at people of African, or African-American origin, or even just anyone with skin he determines to be darkly pigmented, in this particular I'm just going to use his terminology and say "black."

Usually when anybody types the words "Satoshi Kanazawa" my eyes start to glaze over. For obvious reasons. When I see him he's cited approvingly my blood also boils, but that's been happening less and less, so mostly when I see him referenced I just move on.

But last he became so extreme that even Psychology Today (the Cosmopolitan Magazine of science journalism) woke up enough to yank one of his posts. (After altering the title from Kanazawa's original "Why Black Women Are Less Physically Attractive Than Other Women" to "Why Black Women Are Rated Less Physically Attractive Than Other Women" because that made it better.)

And now it sounds like (finally!) his employers at the London School of Economics might have been moved to action -- if not for his overt racism, sexism, and homophobia then at least for his really capricious methodology.

So anyway, there having been such an awesome uproar this time I had to take a look. And... yeah, he's pretty special that guy.

You sort of have to admire his serenely confident but argumentatively gratuitous shot that while “black women are on average much heavier than non-black women” that’s not why black women are uglier. Oh no, he's scientifically controlled for that so they're still just ugly even when you take into account that they're fat.

Next he blithly asserts that blacks on average are stupider (have lower intelligence) than all non-blacks… but that’s not why, quoth he, black women are uglier. Oh no, because, see, even though black men are just as stupid as black women they’re still significantly more attractive than non-black men. (Or, one supposes from his amended version, black men are rated more attractive. Which I guess is supposed to be less racist.)

But wait! Maybe they’re not gratuitous structural arguments: he may have brought them up by way of eliminating the factors most favored by his superficial racist stereotypes to get to his more fundamental ones: “well, you’d think black women were uglier because blacks are fatter and stupider but no, even filtering out their fatness and stupidity black women are still ugly.

Oh, and then there's this lovely bit!

[B]ecause they have existed much longer in human evolutionary history, Africans have more mutations in their genomes than other races. And the mutation loads significantly decrease physical attractiveness (because physical attractiveness is a measure of genetic and developmental health). But since both black women and black men have higher mutation loads, it cannot explain why only black women are less physically attractive, while black men are, if anything, more attractive.

He says that black male attractiveness eliminates as a reason the “fact” that since blacks “have existed much longer in human evolutionary history, blacks have more mutations in their genomes than other races.” And, you see, purer races prefer lower “mutation loads.” But once again, despite those preferences (and, don’t forget, men’s seed-spreading willingness to screw anything that moves… er… to make lower genetic “investments”) and all those icky mutations make black men “if anything, more attractive.”

(Speaking of “objectivity,” one can imagine that were Kanazawa of black heritage he'd instead have have concluded not that rather than having more “mutations” blacks have robust genetic diversity, which instead would be superior to those icky “inbred” races with their “evolved” aversion to replenishing their degenerate gene pools. He could even use same "objective" statistics to back back up that claim! But I digress.)

(Also speaking of “objectivity,” one can imagine that black people have more “mutations” because, as you say Rob, “black” is only a race in the sense that “black” people have darker skin, with the result that while “black” people descended from populations recently indigenous to north Africa, south Africa, central, east, and west Frica, south Asia, the Pacific Islands, Australia, parts of India, and so on are, yeah, a $@^%@ of a lot “older” and racially “mutated” since some of them are likely more genetically similar to what ever relatively genetic monoculture Mr. Kanazawa calls homeland than they are to each other. But I digress again...)

But nope, nope. Instead he says he's factored that out too: “mutations” don’t make black women uglier either. In fact, says he,

The only thing I can think of that might potentially explain the lower average level of physical attractiveness among black women is testosterone. Africans on average have higher levels of testosterone than other races, and testosterone, being an androgen (male hormone), affects the physical attractiveness of men and women differently.

Yup, that’s probably the only other thing that could possibly explain the difference. (If he'd said they had less oxytocin we could all go home.)

It’s also the point at which he stops being a racist asshole using raw statistics and becomes a… free-wheeling racist homophobe "evolutionary psychologist" of the sort that gives evolutionary psychology a really bad name.*

See testosterone, Kanazawa believes, makes everybody look more manly. And black women have more testosterone. Which makes them look more manly. And it's looking manly that makes them ugly.

And so by inference that makes anyone who’s attracted to black women Teh Gay Takei. And, as we all know, Teh Takei is an evolutionary dead end. So all right-minded, offspring-maximizing men recognize that black women are ugly: QED.

And does he present any graphs or charts to back up these assertions? No. Does he bring up any counterarguments? Not at all. Does he cite any prior research? Nope. Does he cite anyone else's research? Not that either.  And does he bring up any other possible reasons why black women might be singled out as less attractive?  Not a bit.  Did he even stop check his arithmetic to make sure that, you know, the data he was using says what he wanted it to?  Evidently not(!)

Nope, nearly all the preceding crap is just Kanazawa being an unencumbered racist doing what racists are really good at doing -- selectively using the tools of a still-emerging field of science to advance his foregone conclusions. He happens to use evolutionary psychology much the way early 20th-Century racists and classists used Darwin to advance "social Darwinism," the way Dick Army, Paul Ryan, and Brian Caplan use economics to advance their defense of the status quo, the same way Dinesh D'Souza and Charles Murray use statistics to defend segregation, and just the same way Donna M. Hughes uses feminism as sheeps clothing for her neoconservatism.

With any luck, though, this time next year Kanazawa will be publishing from The Spearhead or National Vanguard and working lecturing at Bob Jones University or Liberty University. Which, his nominal Darwinism notwithstanding, should welcome him with open arms.

* I.e. he starts pulling shit out of his ass and saying "it must be evolved because it gives me such a woodie" and leaving it at that. Evolutionary psychology itself isn't objectionable in principle -- it would be hard to argue that nothing about human behavior has been influenced by natural selection. And most practitioners are actually fairly moderate people and many of them are outright Unitarian, Birkenstock-wearing, old-school liberals. And as far as I know none of them actually like, let alone admire Satoshi Kanazawa. But! Up till now he's been the closest thing to a Carl Sagan EP has had. And... yeah... how's that been working?

Where's the Ev. Psych Paper Claiming Women Evolved to Be Hornier on Weekends?

Sun, 2011-04-17 07:32

While talking about how it's often pretty relevant for researchers to know where a woman is in her menstrual cycleEmily Nagoski nevertheless keeps things in perspective.

[T]he literature on something like sexual interest across the menstrual cycle is far from definitive: while on the one hand there seems to be a small peak in many women’s sexual activity around ovulation, there’s a much more pronounced peak around the weekend. Context is a crucial component in understanding women’s bodies.

Source: Sex Nerd

In other word does it matter? Yes. Does it matter enough to be the holy grail some researchers make it out to be? You tell me.

Actually, while I think the main reason ev psychs and sociobiologists spend so much flinkin' time obesssing about women's levels of horniness has a lot to do with the paradigmatic inability to get that women are sexual creatures "just like people are," I have to admit that a more objective reason is that women's hormone levels are just a lot easier to track.  They take a whole month to cycle!  You can keep pretty much up to date with women's cycles by collecting pee once a day.  Or even just daily diary entries.  Women already frequently chart things like periods and ovulation.  And there's lots of collateral studies one an surf data from, what with them being kind of intimately related to fertility or infertility, maternity, menarche and menopause, and so on.

I'm pretty sure the main reason ev psych and, for that matter, a lot of real scientists spend very little time thinking about men's levels of horniness is because a) men are considered the baseline normal against which women's libidos are measured and b) healthy men are assumed to be horny all the time so why bother?  And also, given that on average researchers have tended to be straight men, eww, who could possibly be interested in horny men?  But I have to admit that a more objective reason is that men have definite hormone cycles but they cycle daily.  Which makes tracking them a heck of a lot harder more difficult: collecting hourly urine samples is doable but, um, distracting for most people.  Especially if what you're trying to track are libido peaks.

None of that means that where women are in their cycles is completely irrelevant.  Just that it's important to keep track of why there might be such disproportionate differences in available research.

On Hitchens' Mistake and Rule #2: Laughing Men Rarely Beat Up Juveniles and Newcomers. Jealous Ones Do.

Sat, 2011-04-16 14:08

So Ta-Nehisi Coates started a fairly short post calling bullshit on the notion that women aren't funny.

I haven't finished this Tina Fey piece on Fresh Air yet, but as I've said, my readings of Jane Austen, and now Edith Wharton, have really taken me back to this old claim (most famously aired here and answered here) that women aren't funny. As an adult, probably the first author I found to be truly humorous was Zora Neale Hurston. Better people then me can probably cite a range of other women authors who used humor in their writing, but even in my own small forays it's clear to me that they are there. Leaving aside the desire to say something provocative, if thin, I'm thinking that a large portion of this claim originates in shrinking the range of "funny."

Source: The Atlantic Blog

In comments the conversation eventually turned to Vanity Fair's humorless article "Women Aren't Funny" by Christopher Hitchens. A bit further in DoctorJay said

I just clicked through to Hitchen's piece. I'd never read it.

In his first paragraph he mentions that you don't often hear a man describe his partner/mate as funny. I think this might be a socially accurate observation, within his circle. Or maybe even beyond it.

Reading on, I discovered, to my surprise, that Figleaf's rule number 2 applies. (Many thanks to the commenter here, I think it was K__Bee, who linked that a week or so ago.

If you aren't familiar, rule number 2 is, paraphrased,

Men are not allowed to be the object of desire. [close enough --fl]

In Hitchen's case, he claims that men (at least, straight men) must be funny in order to get laid. If we weren't funny, nobody would fuck us.

Therefore, men have a powerful motivation to be funny.

Of course, to disprove this, all one needs is to think of examples of men who aren't funny, but still got laid. Richard Nixon comes to mind.

At which point the thread becomes more of a discussion of Hitchens and/or of the power of the whole "evolved to be funny to spread our seed" thing.

Sigh!

The whole stupid "pass on your seed" business is so overblown. You know another indisputably evolved behavior that's absolutely critical to "passing on your seed?" Taking a deep breath right after birth. Screw that up and you'll never "get laid" either. Considering some of the other convolutions some people go to to wring sexual selection out of a behavior it's amazing no young cupid has never come forth to explain how men learn to breath after birth because chix think men who breathe are hawt.

So you can buy the whole pitiful-male/gatekeeper-female model, where every action men takes is designed to get her to lower her "barriers" just misses a heck of a lot of, you know, other regular old every day selection you've got to get through to survive long enough to meet, greet, subvert or defeat those gatekeeper-y feeemales.* And Mr. Hitchens joins on the order of millions of otherwise sensible men who fall for it. But doing so means they miss out on a very large group of other possible reasons a trait might develop.

For instance, with all due respect to Hitchens on many other topics I'm... pretty sure men have to be funny, and might even somehow genetically have to be funny,... for the same reason they have to not become objects of desire: to keep from getting beaten up by older and/or bigger boys and men. Or perhaps even more accurately, in order to enter alliances with groups of older, larger boys and men who will either not beat them up or will stand by then when members of other alliances try to beat them up.

Laughing men rarely beat up juveniles and newcomers. Jealous ones do. For that matter men rarely beat up juvenile or newcomer men they perceive as having any non-jealousy-provoking merit or potential. (BTW, say hello to the true, patriarchal source of the whole male worthiness trap.)

Given that in all but the most chaotic, atomized or (possibly) well-ordered societies boys must at some point in their development depend on the tolerance and/or support of older/larger males if they hope to achieve sexual maturity, trying to explain all gendered behavior in terms of male/female sexual selection necessarily overlooks huge swaths of selective pressure (social or biological) on human behavior.

(This latter point, by the way, is one of the biggest reasons Ayn Rand's science-fiction-y novels fall apart. Neither John Galt nor, especially, Howard Roark, can have had human childhoods. Indeed, in The Fountainhead Roark is born full-formed, naked, and to tie it all together, laughing, thigh deep in a stream miles from anyone. As he had to have been. Because otherwise, no matter what a hardass he became, somewhere between the ages of, say, two and sixteen, he'd have had no choice but to compromise, to flex, to joke, to ingratiate, or otherwise fit in -- if not with other boys and men then with parents or their proxies.  But I digress.)

At any rate, whereas at least in patriarchy men tend to be far bigger obstacles to male reproductive success than women, and therefore men might feel like they're under more pressure to be funny, I don't see why it's not obvious that a) women are just as likely to benefit from being funny to men, b) that men benefit from being funny around groups of women, c) that women benefit from being funny around women, etc.

* Quick point: throughout history and literature, virtually all gatekeepers are flunkies, lackies, or at best trusted servants of the lord or master who owns the gate itself. Women are designated "gatekeepers" to their sexualities alright, but by convention, tradition, and often law the gate they're charged to defend with their lives and honors actually belongs to a custodial male. Thus people who label women "gate keepers" are 100% up to their scuppers in patriarchy.

If a Sufficient but Simpler Solution is Preferable Then Terri Conley's Pleasure Theory Outcompetes Sexual Strategy Theory

Sun, 2011-03-06 22:53

There's a lot of buzz in the press and blogosphere about a study by Professor Terri D. Conley of the University of Michigan called "Perceived Proposer Personality Characteristics and Gender Differences in Acceptance of Casual Sex Offers" from the February 2011 issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

As with virtually all science research paid for with taxpayer dollars you (or if you're in academia, your employers) have to pay $30 to a private company (that adds exactly zero additional value) in order to read it.  Consequently pretty much nobody who's talks about such studies have actually read the study!

Thomas of Yes Means Yes spent the money.  And came up with a lot of stereotype-debunking gold.

The bottom line, after testing multiple variations of a standard experiment that's supposed to measure men's vs. women's receptivity to out-of-the-blue propositions, Prof. Conley draws two counterintuitive but perfectly logical conclusions:

1) Rather than testing individual's receptivity to propositions the original experiment actually tests individual's stereotypes about whether men or women who make out-of-the-blue propositions are likely to be any good in bed.

2) Women are just as likely as men to accept an out-of-the-blue proposition based on whether or not they expect the resulting sex to be a pleasurable experience!

Or to put it another way

2a) Men are no more likely than women to accept an out-of-the-blue proposition when there's an expectation that the sex won't be pleasurable.

While I'd love to talk about the permutations Conley went through to confirm her finding, Thomas does a very thorough job.

And besides, if did that I'd miss the coolest part.  Conley's findings poke a big, fat hole in the gender-stereotype-driven theory that, unlike men, women make strategic decisions to have sex based on how "high-status" she perceives the man to be.  It's a theory beloved of Pickup Artists, economists, sociobiologists, and evolutionary psychologists.  It's also evidently bullshit.

Here's how Thomas puts it.

By contrast, this research demonstrated some of the limiting conditions of SST. Sexual strategies theory clearly predicts that higher status proposers should be accepted by women more readily than low-status proposers. The fact that status did not predict women’s acceptance of casual sex offers is therefore a problem for SST. Neither status, nor tendency for gift giving, nor perceived faithfulness of the proposer (nor, more precisely, the interaction of any of these variables with gender) predicted whether a participant would agree to the sexual offer, contradicting SST. Likewise, if men’s central goal, as suggested by SST, is to transfer their genetic material to future generations, men should have a greater base rate likelihood of accepting a sexual offer from any woman than women have of accepting a sexual offer from any man, regardless of the proposer’s attractiveness (i.e., women should be choosier than men). SST does not predict that women would be equally likely to accept offers as men when (a) the proposers are very attractive, (b) the proposers are very unattractive, (c) the proposers are familiar people, and (d) the proposer and the individual are of the same sex.

Source: Yes Means Yes

Conely's Pleasure Theory is sufficient to but simpler and more general than the far more complex cycles and epicycles of Sexual Strategies Theory.  Occam's Razor (plus intuition) therefore says Conely gets the nod. That doesn't mean SST isn't possible, just that it requires considerably more cognition to assess the complexity of status in humans the onus falls on its supporters to explain why we shouldn't abandon it.

Incidentally Conoly's findings also call bullshit on the sociobiological assumption that men's attraction to women is based on whether or not they're in their "reproductive prime."  In a variation that used participant-selected celebrities, male respondents speculated that they would respond more positively to an out-of-the-blue proposition by Christie Brinkley than by Roseanne Barr, even though they perceived (inaccurately it turns out) that Brinkley is the older of the two.  (At 57 Brinkley is well past reproductive age, let alone in her "reproductive prime.")

Turns Out Polygamy, But Not Monogamy or Polyamory, Imposes High Reproductive Costs on Women

Wed, 2011-03-02 01:27

Sooo....

If I was a pop evolutionary psychologist or sociobiologist I might spend all my time pondering how it's just seed-spreadingly natural for men to want to be polygamous.

Oh, silly, me.  Actually if I was a pop evolutionary psychologist or sociobiologist I wouldn't ponder any such thing.  I'd take it as axiomatic -- requiring no proof beyond "makes sense to me" -- and cheerfully use that axiom to prove anything else that popped into my little brain. When pressed by people with a modicum of gender-studies in their background I'd blithly breeze by way of explanation that hogamous-higamous, men are polygamous.

The other axiom I'd posit would be that women just don't like sex in the first place, and that therefore they're grudgingly going to aim to have it as infrequently as possible, preferably with as few men as possible.  And explain that with higamous-hogamous, women are monogamous.  Oh, and bitches too.  Oh, or if they didn't match my axiom, whores.

In evolutionary biology, on the other hand, it's more common to actually ponder whether there might be a reproductive benefit or cost underlying any inclination towards something like monogamy.

Something like this tidbit, via from Holly of Self-Portrait as, who says --

...low fertility rates among Mormon polygamists. My favorite bit:

the more women partnered with a man, the fewer children each of those women had. Exactly why is not clear. Like the Soay rams, men may simply not have had the stamina.... The failure of the Utah polygamy experiment should therefore not be seen as that surprising.

Source: Self-Portrait as

Reading the article it sounds like, in fact, on average, women in polygamous marriages tend to have approximately one fewer child for every fellow "sister wife."  And no, that's not a stretch.  Stories of sultans or Mormon patriarchs notwithstanding, most polygamists have somewhere closer to two to four wives, meaning a one-child per fellow wife isn't going to put anyone in negative numbers.

Anyway, EPs and sociobiologists tend to go on, and on, and on, about how men can fertilize bazillions of women in a lifetime while women's "investment" of pregnancy, lactation, and staying home in the cave-kitchen limits their reproductive potential to a relative handful.  And they brass on about how that means men are "naturally" likely to collect wives and partners willy-nilly whereas women are going to just as "naturally" be all gate-keeper-y and discriminating.

Which never made much sense to me -- in the real, non-Flintstones version of "the state of nature" related groups of women with satellite groups of men seems pretty common, and those groups of related women are usually able to collectively gather and trap enough to feed themselves and most of the men.  So while women might tend to care about fathers, and be interested in having men in their lives, and definitely interested in the meat and other foodstuffs men tend to hunt and forage for.  So in pure reproductive survival terms that's never seemed like a good enough reason to "evolve" a preference for monogamy.

If I were to going to assume that women are "naturally" monogamous, though, and if I were further inclined to go looking for facile sociobiological explanations for why that might be, then the likelihood that getting rooked into polygamy creates a material reduction in women's reproductive potential ought to be just about all I'd need to start making that case.

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Getting back to the original article, the reference to Soay rams is about a variety of sheep that do the whole alpha male head-butting fights over harems thing... but basically run out of sperm.  In comments someone pointed out the tendency for women to ovulate in sync.  That would tend to put a pretty heavy limit on men's ability to productively "spread his seed" in his own "harem."

Which in turn leads me back to the suspicion that "collecting" wives is probably a relatively recent function of property accumulation rather than some sort of "on the savannah" biological adaptation.

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Note that whereas women (and females of other species) are evidently reproductively harmed by polygamy, there wouldn't necessarily be the same issues with polyamory, either overt or covert.  So whereas men might be concerned about "cuckoldry," women (in polygamous marriages anyway) would positively benefit from it.  But in monogamy?  Not so much -- which at the very least ought to be a monogamy selectivity-stabilizer for men. (Don't hold your breath waiting for a pop sociobiologist to bring that one up.)

Jesse Bering Claims Lesbians are Funnier Than Straight Women, Thinks Sociobiology and Butch Brain Cells Explain Why

Sun, 2011-02-27 00:07

Jesse Bering just can't get enough of that sociobiology. This time, in a post about how an allegedly tiny number of female humorists are "crowded out on the roster of female comedy all-stars by a long list of Sapphic wise-girls" he volunteers the following explanation for why there are two, like, totally different kinds of senses of humor, one, "humor production" for boys, another, "humor receptivity," is for girls.

And of course, maybe because it's about men being "productive" and women just "receptive," Bering naturally gravitates to the sexual selection solution.

The authors [of the study Bering is expanding on here] interpret these data, and similar data, by drawing from psychologist Geoffrey Miller’s ideas about the evolution of humor. Miller has argued that ancestral males’ ability to produce entertaining humor demanded a set of heritable cognitive skills, including intelligence and creativity, and thus was a hard-to-fake signal of genetic quality. Due to the sexes’ differential investment in reproduction (just at a coital level alone, about 90 seconds versus 9 months), women would have evolved to be more receptive to signs of genetic quality than males. Men, meanwhile, would have been on the lookout for women who responded positively to their humor.

Source: Scientific American

If Miller really thinks that then he's an idiot. Not because it's implausible, though it is. But because maybe, just maybe, not everything about "reproductive fitness" is about the reproduction part.

For instance I wonder if... naw... couldn't possibly be... you could test his hypothesis by assessing whether men are more likely to joke around women (which would help confirm his hypothesis) or around mixed company (which would be the null hypothesis if one wasn't a sociobiology fetishist) or around other men. Which it seems to me would be at least as effective at helping men defuse tension between rivals, boost morale when things looked bad, enhance camaraderie and thus group bonding, and so on.

What are the odds that male bonding, morale boosting, and tension defusing might increase men's likelihood of surviving long enough to be reproductively successful? Oh, right, silly me, the only possible sources of selective pressure in humans were spreading seed and avoiding leopards.

Similarly, if I was to try and test the "humor receptivity" side of Miller's hypothesis I might also look to see if more women are found in comedy audiences, whether men and women are equally likely to appreciate other people's humor, or if men are more likely to listen to and laugh at other men's jokes.

Oh, and hey, here's Bering with another welcome notion:

Researchers who study homosexuality have discovered that the brains of many lesbians were over-exposed to male hormones during prenatal development, influencing not only their adult sexual orientation, but also masculinizing other behavioral and cognitive traits in which there exist innate sex differences. This is not true of all lesbians, but it is especially true for those who exhibit male-typed profiles. So it is not implausible that some lesbians’ courtship strategies would largely mimic opposite-sex-typed patterns, including a differentiated capacity for humor production that attracts female attention. This would not be a conscious strategy, it must be emphasized, and indeed this is what many critics of evolutionary psychology repeatedly fail to realize.

And finally, if I was to try and test Bering's "lesbians have little penises inside their brains that make them act like men" hypothesis, and maybe backup Miller's humor-receptivity hypothesis, I might check out the audience composition of women comedians (lesbian and otherwise.) Would we see more women in the audience, equal numbers of men and women, or more men? Remember, if any men at all show for women comedians, or appreciate their senses of humor, that's going to substantially complicate the "women evolved to laugh at men's jokes" notion.

Also, yeah, I guess the first thing people always say about humorists like Lucille Ball, Mae West, Mary Tyler Moore, Christine Lavin, Moms Mabley, Gracie Allen, Roseanne Barr, Carol Burnett, Imogene Cocoa, Phyllis Diller, Fran Dreshcher, Terry Garr, Valerie Harper, Gilda Radner, Tracy Ulner, Ana Marie Cox, Nikol Hasler, Totie Fields, Madeline Kahn, Fanny Brice, Jane Austin, Tina Fey, Louise Lasser, Amy Poehler, the Roach sisters, Sarah Haskins, Erma Bombeck, Goldie Hawn, etc. is "what a bunch of dykes."

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