hormones

Biological Sex Determination Takes Work (At the Cellular Level Anyway)

Sun, 2009-12-27 09:47

You know that story that as embryos we all start out as female, with just a couple of genes on the male Y chromosome responsible for modifications that make male embryos develop into actual men?

A classic example might be Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, a genetic condition that prevents or inhibits the expression of male sex hormones in XY-chromosome cells. People with AIS often have externally-indistinguishable female genitals and develop breasts at puberty but have no uterus, fallopian tubes or cervix and may have no upper vagina.

This and other similar intersex syndromes are responsible for the conclusion that genetically and developmentally speaking men are just special-case women.

I’m not sure why that’s supposed to matter but it gets buzzed about a lot.

Turns out that while the basic outline of the story remains approximately correct it’s… more complicated than that.

Richard Alleyne, Science Correspondent at The Telegraph

Researchers have found that the body is in a constant fight to remain either female or male and the suppression of just one gene could cause it to “flip” from one to the other.

...

In mammals, males have XY chromosomes and females XX. The new research shows that another gene is responsible for switching women into men.

If the FOXL2 is switched on then the body grows ovaries, switched off and they are replaced by testicles.

But what really surprised the researchers is that the process continues after birth and the body remains in a constant tussle to either switch on or off the gene – even in adulthood.

Read the quote in context here.

Hard core gender essentialists might find this frustrating. Men aren’t just women with an X-degenerate Y chromosome. Women aren’t “pure” humans. On the other hand male embryos don’t actively make ourselves men, nor do female embryos passively default into women. Instead, at the genetic level anyway, we all take active steps to differentiate, switching on some genes and switching off others, in order to become who we are.

(Via Joanna Cake, Violet Blue, and others.)

Yeah, Must Be Hormones

Sun, 2009-03-15 08:35

Zula of A Submissive With Claws says (emphasis mine.)

According to the BBC, a new study shows that women physically suffer disproportionately in strained (heterosexual) marriages. Whereas men and women both showed signs of depression in unhappy marriages, only women showed elevated levels of hypertension, heart disease, etc.

According to some random counselor quoted in the article, “The gender difference could be partly due to the fact that women’s hormonal profile is more complex than men’s. Women also tend to worry more about their health than men.”

Oh, of course! We women are just walking bags of hormones and neuroses! It couldn’t possibly be because gender roles in marriage are far from equal and women get the short end of the stick more often than not. headdesk headdesk headdesk

I nicked the whole post from here because… what could you cut?.

Yeah, gee, hypertension huh? That doesn’t come from, oh, say, perpetually suppressing your autonomy, intelligence, agency, and sexuality, as some people — like educated professional writer and lecturer Martha Peace — say to this day

It’s common for a young Christian wife to rebel against home life as her primary ministry, Peace writes in Becoming a Titus 2 Woman, which lays out the principles of her ministry model. It’s the role of older women to help her understand her priorities.

Those priorities may include rising early to feed the family, being available anytime to satisfy a husband’s desires (barring a few “ungodly” or “homosexual” acts), seeking his approval regarding work, appearance, and leisure, and accepting that he has the “burden” of final say in arguments. After a wife has respectfully appealed her spouse’s decision—a privilege she should not abuse—she must accept his final answer as “God’s will for her at that time,” Peace advises. The godly wife must also suppress selfish desires (for romance, a career, an equitable marriage), practice addressing her spouse in soothing tones, and maintain a private log of bitter thoughts to guide her repentance. “If you disobey your husband,” Peace admonishes in The Excellent Wife, “you are indirectly shaking your fist at God.”

Source: Mother Jones Magazine via Echidne.

Nope, must be them hormones. (And not your husband, lord, master, and undivorcable conduit to Christ saying, for the 1000th time despite your “respectful appeal” because he thought it was funny the previous 999, “hormones huh? Yuknow how to make a whore moan…?”)

Oh, and, y’know, every day I wake up thinking my lucky stars that men are steady, stable, and completely uninfluenced by our hormones, which, if we had any, would be uncomplicated and never unexpectedly spike in ways that compel us to, oh, say, make impulse decisions we later regret.

Oh Why Not? Fictional Reports Being Only Slightly Less Responsible Than Real

Sat, 2009-02-14 01:16

As you’ve probably noticed, while I’m actually not averse to basic research into genetic behaviors I take a pretty dim view of almost any evolutionary psychology “interesting” enough to make it into circulation in the popular press. Or if you haven’t noticed an anonymous friend noticed my aversion and forwarded me news about a “report” that… being anonymous is pretty much as well-sourced and credible as the average pop-ev-psych press release. :-)

Subject: A Study

A study conducted by UCLA’s Department of Psychiatry has revealed that the kind of face a woman finds attractive on a man can differ depending on where she is in her menstrual cycle. For example: If she is ovulating, she is attracted to men with rugged and masculine features. However, if she is menstruating, or
menopausal, she tends to be more attracted to a man with duct tape over his mouth and a spear lodged in his chest while he is on fire. No further studies are expected.

A little bit of Googling suggests the joke’s been around for a while. And that it’s (not surprisingly) more popular on sites that lean anti-feminist. (Unlike real sociobiology/ev-psych reports… Oh wait!) Whatever the ultimate source I’m guessing it came from something like a SNL weekend-update quip responding to yet another the ev-psych study “proving” that with women are haplessly hostage to their hormonal changes… unlike men, of course, who, since our hormones never get us impeached get us fired affect us, needn’t have our hormones studied at all.

When I next talk to her in person I’ll have to ask my source (a former student of Stephanie Coontz) where she got it. Full disclosure: I laughed myself into stitches at the punctuating violence of “while he is on fire.” It’s not the violence per se so much as the idea that without that over the top conclusion the story might still be circulating as straight news.

Scents and Non-scents

Fri, 2008-08-15 15:13

Commons
Photo “Drue checks Heather’s pheromones” by Flickr user Brouhaha (Jonathan). Used under a Creative Commons license.

Oh Noes! Teh Pill! It affects Woemenz Nozez! ZOMG!**

Because you know what windup little smell-driven automatons women are. Because without that nasty Pill bollixing your nostrils you’d all go back to sticking with your partners no matter how big an asshole they turned out to be. Better outlaw them pills then.

Whatevs.

Actually, I heard about the study, or maybe something along the same lines, some time last Winter, before it got picked up and politicized as some kind of reason women shouldn’t be allowed to take the pill. Instead fellow classmate brought it up during her student research presentation on the effect of scent on sexual arousal.

The way she told it was that non-pregnant women are often more attracted to the smell of men who are genetically unlike them, but when they are they prefer the scent of men they’re more closely related to. She said that since hormonal birth control simulates pregnancy that going on the pill can alter one’s preference for the scent of one’s partner.

That actually made sense, and a number of women in the class nodded and said they’d noticed something like that when going on or off the pill during a relationship.

But here’s the deal: neither the presenter nor anyone who nodded their heads indicated it was a particularly big deal.

Which suggests, as with the stupid oxytocin-burnout argument for (only women, naturally) avoiding multiple partners***, the scent-preference-altering phenomenon, even if it does exist, can’t be all that strong, right? I mean think about how the ‘winger vision’s supposed to go

A) Non-pregnant women like the way unrelated men smell, so
B) They form lifelong, abstinenet-till-marriage, monogamous-afterwards relationships with these unrelated men, and
C) Become pregnant, whereupon according to these theories
D) Their scent preferences just as they would during pill-induced artificial preference change meaning… what?
E) While they lose interest in these genetically heterodox-scented partner for the duration of their pregnancies?

Except, well
F) I don’t think it works that way. Or
G) If it does it’s not a very strong effect, because
H) Pregnant women would always avoid their genetically heterodox-scented husbands and hang out with their genetically “homodox”-scented male relatives, which
I) We don’t, um, actually see because
J) Scent isn’t the only attraction criteria in the first place, nor
K) Even if scent was the only criteria items A-I suggest it couldn’t be terribly determinative because, y’know, most people stay together
L) Whether they’re pregnant, or on the pill, or not

[** In other words a lot of people have been commenting on the peculiar conclusion anti-contraceptive types have drawn about a very small, not-even-all-that-recent study about hormonal contraception and scent. —fl]

[** The claim is that repeated oxytocin release with multiple partners causes women to burn out on romance. The fly in that ointment is that pregnancy releases a gazillion times more oxytocin and yet after birth most women a) continue to harbor romantic feelings after birth and b) consider having additional children. Part b being, for me, the bigger deal breaker. If a little too much oxytocin is supposed to make one unable to form romantic attachments ever again then lots more of the same stuff ought to make women disinclined to get pregnant again or, especially, disinclined to love subsequent children. And not to put too fine a point on it, in most cases where we encounter women burning out on romance or childbearing the reasons tend to be a lot more clear cut than hormone-receptor exhaustion. But I digress… —fl]

Men, Women, and Stories We Tell About Hormones and PMS

Fri, 2008-02-22 23:36


Image appears on Wikipedia’s “Menstrual Cycle”
page. Used under a Creative Commons license.

So we were studying the menstural cycle last week in my integrated interpersonal communications theory / women’s studies / sex education class. One lecture that was pretty cool was on the pretty intricate, interdependent dance between Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Estradol, Luteinizing Hormone, and Progesterone over the course of an average of 29.5 days. What’s cool is that often one hormone will block secretion of another until another moves past a certain threshold, permitting the first one to spike, or yet another hormone will signal another hormone-secreting area to continue secreting it’s hormone till yet another event says do something else. It’s actually more technical, and more precise, and cooler than that, but at this point, anyway, Wikipedia or other sources are still a more reliable source than I’d be.

One thing our professor did mention: if you look at the enclosed graph, over around the right hand side, roughly marked by days 22-28 — the time most women who experience PMS report, well, experiencing it — all the various hormone levels aren’t going up they’re going down! She said “so when you hear that PMS is all about ‘excess’ female hormones the answer’s actually quite the opposite.”

Now we could just stop there and goggle about that for a minute but I’d like to mention the connection that popped into my little brain as soon as she pointed that low-hormone tidbit: various studies (plus the personal experience of several friends who use their own hormone supplements) much of the distemper and violence traditionally associated with testosterone in men is also more correctly attributed to reduced levels of the hormone!

So! Men who lash out after experiencing a severe loss of “face?” Lowering levels of testosterone. Cranky old men? Declining levels of testosterone. And now I’m hearing about something similar when women are experiencing declining levels of… oh, and while I’m thinking about it there’s also that big plummetting post-partum drop in progesterone that’s blamed for all manner of problems from headaches to depression. (Too lazy to Google citations for any of that, but citations there are.)

Anyway, point being that to the extent it’s a misconception that “sex” hormones cause emotional problems, and to the extent it’s a misconception that “sex” hormones cause emotional problems specific to each gender rather than declines in both those hormones causing… not quite identical but certainly suspiciously similar problems in both genders…

Well, to the extent any of that’s true… and I’m really only saying it could be… maybe we’re more alike than different.

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