rape

Indiana State Rep. and Rape/Incest Excemption Opponent Eric Turner: Protecting Uncle Daddy's Right to be a Grandpa Too

Image from Talking Points Memo. Cached as a bandwidth-conserving courtesy
Photo via TPM
Kaili Joy Gray of Daily Kos says

Thank god someone finally has the courage to stand up to the rape and incest cheats who, for too long, have been defrauding the system with their bogus allegations just to cash in on all the fabulous perks and benefits that come with being impregnated by a rapist.

Source: Daily Kos

You probably don't even need to guess, but follow the link if you're not sure. In a way it doesn't matter which state they try it in first, they'll try something worse in another state next week.

If there was ever any doubt that the current rash (and I do mean rash in numerous senses of the word) of various state's abortion restrictions is purely about fear and hatred of women and not even slightly about protecting the unborn, Matthew Yglesias reminds us

Meanwhile, from Andrea Nill I learn that at least five babies have died in Nebraska since they started denying prenatal care to undocumented mothers. Life, after all, begins at conception, ends at birth, and doesn’t count if you’re from Mexico.

Source: Center for American Progress

No wonder I've been feeling depressed lately.


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Why "Dressing Like Prostitutes" Simply Doesn't Explain Why an 11-Year-Old Was Raped

Screen Capture via Sociological Images. Cached as a bandwidth-conserving courtesy
Screen capture of push-up bras for 7-year-olds via Sociological Images.

Sex-work advocate Suzyhooker says

A Florida GOP Rep has jumped on the victim blaming bandwagon by saying that an 11 year old gang rape survivor was dressed like a “prostitute.”

Source: Tits and Sass

I've seen several variations on this story from various predictable suspects and I'm a little confused.

Couple of rhetorical but pointed questions:  Are actual prostitutes (who sort of by definition "dress like prostitutes") are criminally sexually assaulted by approximately 18 assailants in numbers sufficient to warrant Kathleen Passidomo, Bill O'Reilly, and others' allegations that attire was the immediate cause in this case of assault of a child? Second, are non-prostitutes who nevertheless "dress like prostitutes" gang raped in sufficient numbers to warrant the same confidence?

No.

In fact I'm pretty sure that for all the talk on the right, left, and center there's little if any evidence whatsoever that "provocatively" dressed women are any more or less likely to be sexually assaulted than non-provocatively dressed ones.  It's a crime of power, people, not one of lust.  It's also far, far more accurate to call rape a crime of opportunity, not one of "provocation."

I'll just go one step further and say that to the extent actual prostitutes are made targets of violence (and Gary Ridgeway's remarks if nothing else would be sufficient to satisfy my assertion) then to the extent they actually do "dress like prostitutes" it's other factors such as vulnerability, isolation related to the need to avoid arrest that makes them easy targets, not what they're wearing.  (That and, as Ridgeway explained when asked how he was able to murder more than 60 subsistence prostitutes, prostitutes are good victims because society really doesn't care what happens to them.)  Point being that even when prostitutes are attacked it's not because "they're dressed like prostitutes."

So, back to the 'winger lament that the motive for a massive sexual assault on an 11 year old is an open and shut case.

Remember, we're talking about responses to descriptions of the victim.  Pretty much no one who's casting these stones would have had access to direct information.  They just heard something like "halter top" or "short skirt," or allegations by community factions,* added preexisting biases, and just let their flights of fancy take it from there.

Nor should this be a surprise, of course.  For way too many people the single statement that there has been an assault is all the data they need to "know" the victim did something to cause it.

See also:

* The case has allegedly widened divisions in the affected community with the result that it's not clear how much of what we know is spin and how much is actual evidence.


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One More Very Real Way Ancient, Established Patriarchal Attitudes Towards Women and Rape Hurt Men

Ampersand, raising a giant whopping WTF, says that under Federal crime-reporting standards men legally can't be raped.  Turns out that in the 1920s, when the reporting standards were generated, weren't exactly a bastion of progressive, feminist-influenced gender neutrality.

For [Uniform Crime] reporting purposes, can a male be raped?

No. The UCR Program defines forcible rape as “The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will” (p. 19). In addition, “By definition, sexual attacks on males are excluded from the rape category and must be classified as assaults or other sex offenses depending on the nature of the crime and the extent of injury”

Source: Alas, a blog

Lest Men's Rights Activists cry conspiracy about how it's all a femininisister plot to exclude male victims entirely, under more recent guidelines from the 1980s rape of men by women is legally recognized but...

[I]n the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) ... at least one offender must be of a different sex than the victim for the event to be classified as a forcible rape. For example, a female can rape a male, or in the case of multiple offenders, a female and male can rape a male. However, a male cannot rape another male, or in the case of multiple offenders, two males cannot rape a male.

To complete the FBI's gender-bound definitions, men can rape women, women can rape men, but men can't rape other men and women can't rape women.

But let's stop for a moment and reflect on the pace of progress: in the 1920s the law in the U.S. was almost entirely based on already centuries-old English Common Law adopted wholesale during Colonial times.  That not only defined rape as something that could happen exclusively to women, it was also defined as a property crime.  Where the legal victim was considered to be the woman's father, husband, or other custodial male who's "property" was "damaged!"

Fast forward 50 years to the 1980s when the NIBRS was established.  Society vaguely recognized that in order "to be fair" language had to be less narrowly gender specific.  Thus the inclusion of the possibility that women can rape men.  But based on my own recollection of the culture of the day I'm pretty sure that was a mere formality.  In the early 1980s they were just getting around to registering gay people as statistically relevant.  They were just getting around to recognizing the idea that there was more kinds of rape than jumping out of the bushes.  They were just barely getting around to accepting the idea that husbands could rape their wives.  Heck, they'd only barely just stated noticing all the "drop the soap" jokes about prison rape!

Fast forward 30 more years and... well... there's still quite a way to go but at least...

Advocates question the rape statistics because, they note, the federal government is using a 1929 definition of the crime that excludes male victims, statutory rapes and those committed without force.

Using such an antiquated, narrow definition is a harmful disservice to countless victims, according to Carol Tracy, executive director of the Philadelphia-based Women’s Law Project. Specter agreed, saying the definition is not “inclusive like it should be.”

Men account for roughly 10 percent of victims in the United States, said Scott Berkowitz, head of the Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network.

The adoption of broader rape statistics is critical to the recovery process for male victims, added Dr. Richard Gartner, a spokesman for the group Male Survivor.

Interestingly, the FBI’s man in charge of the UCR is quoted saying he’s open to changing the definitions.

Compared to the 1189 A.D. English Common Law, or the 1920s UCR, or the 1980s NIBRS, and you can actually detect some progress.

And, at least compared to 1189 A.D. it seems to be accelerating!

If they're not able to acknowledge that anybody can be raped, just as much as anybody can be a rapist, though, they're still stuck in the middle ages.

Something else to agitate for (and be agitated about.)


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Chris Smith's "Forcible Rape" Clause is No Mere Ploy: Republicans Really Do Protect, Mollycoddle, and Pander to Rapists

When viciously anti-choice Congressman Chris Smith proposed a return to the "if she drowns she isn't a witch" style credibility test for "forcible" rape in an anti-choice bill the progressive blogger Digby at Hullabaloo quickly warned that such extremism a "shiny object" ploy. The idea being to intentionally get opponents so massively worked up over a blatant offense that they ignore all the other viciousness in the bill. Smith's conservative masters can then claim to have "listened to reason" (this part's already happened), progressives declare victory and go home, and the 'wingers get everything else they wanted in the bill.

Dibgy's right that that's a concern, of course, but it doesn't need to be a deliberate conspiracy for it to still work. As quipsters at least since Napoleon have said: ""Never ascribe to malice that which is adequately explained by incompetence."

According to the Wikipedia entry on the incompetence vs. conspiracy adage, Robert Heinlein's version even more accurately sums up the situation. He said "Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity, but don't rule out malice." In addition to stupidity and incompetence Republicans really are plain old-fashioned malicious.

Via Brilliant at Breakfast the DLCC says

Georgia Republican state Rep. Bobby Franklin (of gold-standard-wannabe fame) has introduced a bill to change the state’s criminal codes so that in “criminal law and criminal procedure” (read: in court), victims of rape, stalking, and family violence could only be referred to as “accusers” until the defendant has been convicted.

Burglary victims are still victims. Assault victims are still victims. Fraud victims are still victims. But if you have the misfortune to suffer a rape, or if you are beaten by a domestic partner, or if you are stalked, Rep. Franklin doesn’t think you’ve been victimized. He says you’re an accuser until the courts have determined otherwise.

To diminish a victim’s ordeal by branding him/her an accuser essentially questions whether the crime committed against the victim is a crime at all. Robbery, assault, and fraud are all real crimes with real victims, the Republican asserts with this bill.

Rep. Franklin surely is aware that the crimes for which he believes there are no victims are disproportionately committed against women—and are disproportionately committed by men.

When there’s violence against women involved, the rights of the accused clearly are more important to Rep. Franklin than the rights of the victim.

But if there’s no such thing as a victim in cases of rape, stalking, and domestic violence, he may think there’s no need to for him to be concerned with their rights, anyway.

Source: Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee

Note that the DLCC, like many even moderately feminist-friendly progressive organizations, acknowledges that men are also victims of sexual assault and rape.  I'm confident the notion has never crossed Mr. Franklin's bitterly anti-feminist mind.  (Or, to the extent he's thought of it at all he's assumed that becoming a male "accuser" also makes you gay.)

Anyway, while Digby raises a valid concern about progressives being distracted by "shiny objects," it's also the case that, no, seriously, Republicans really, really mean it: they really are willing to go to extraordinary lengths to coddle, pamper, encourage, and protect rapists.


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Would Ev-Psych Have Found the Same "Timeless Truths" About Men, Women, or Rape in Charles Darwin's Day?

Amanda Marcotte says of Jesse Bering's giddy claim that women are just chock-full of evolved defenses against rape.  (Especially, what a surprise, rape by African American men.)  After nicely dismantling Bering's more credulous claims she digs into what I think is the real reason anti-feminists are so enthusiastic about this kind of stuff.

Think about the perceived benefits to many if rape is programmed into men, and a function of horniness and biology and not of violence and misogyny.  Just right off the bat, it means that they can throw up their hands in the air, treating rape like it’s an inevitable problem and there’s nothing they can do about it.  But more importantly, they get an excuse to support the main benefit they perceive in rape culture, which is that it puts all responsibility for rape in the hands of the victims, and therefore used to shame and control female sexuality.  After all, the argument here is that men are naturally disposed to rape and women are naturally disposed to protect themselves.  Therefore, the responsibility is shifted towards women, the only gender who has been given any control.  This, in turn, can be used as an excuse to restrict women’s movements and choices, and to, a la Naomi Wolf, say they had it coming if they engage in casual sex.  It also gives men cover to do a lot of abusive things that fall short of rape, saying they can’t help themselves, a freedom a lot of men would like to reserve for themselves.  (Such as, say, cheating while reserving the right not to be cheated on.) Of course, a lot of men aren’t willing to be portrayed as out-of-control beasts, but clearly some figure that’s a reasonable price to pay to get these benefits.

Source: Pandagon

I think that's about right.  On the one hand the paradigm that drives these assessments puts the responsibility for rape, and consequently the blame, on victims rather than perpetrators.  Which sucks for them in self-evidently bitter, heartless, and unfair ways.

I'd just add that this whole idea of men being reflexively (and now allegedly genetically!) uncontrollable beasts is pretty new.  Prior to  maybe 250 years ago (coinciding roughly with the Protestant Revolution) and going back at least as far as Hammurabi most of Indo-European civilization believed that men were naturally moral and even chaste while women's child-hungry wombs made them amoral, promiscuous, sexually aggressive.  And in much of the world this is still considered true.  For instance if evolutionary psychology had emerged in Darwin's Day, or if he'd written in India, China, or, say, Egypt, Iran, or eastern Europe or western Asia Evolutionary Psychologists almost certainly would drawn different (though probably no less topical and gender-constructed) conclusions about women's and men's behavior.

Call it just one more indication of the bankruptcy of contemporary patriarchy. And while you're at it call it an important caveat for some of the more... enthusiastic proclamations by evolutionary psychologists. Or at least of those who merely think they're evolutionary psychology.


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Edmonton's Positive, Inclusive "Don't Be That Guy" Campaign to Stop Sexual Assault

Via Anna Lekas Miller of Gender Across Borders, the Sexual Assault Voices of Edmonton "Don't be that guy" campaign is taking an approach I've endorsed in the past: don't just tell men not to rape, tell them how. The first sentence in the following quote hints at why that's radical rather than, say, self-evident.

Typically, sexual assault awareness campaigns target potential victims by urging women to restrict their behavior. Research is telling us that targeting the behavior of victims is not only ineffective, but also contributes to how much they blame themselves after the assault. That's why our campaign is targeting potential offenders - they are the ones responsible for the assault and responsible for stopping it. By addressing alcohol-facilitated sexual assault without victim-blaming, we intend to mark Edmonton on the map as a model for other cities.

"Don't be that guy"

"Don't be that guy" will be launched on November 22, 2010. Our posters are available to download, below. Please feel free to print and distribute as you like. Just click on the image for a high resolution PDF.

Don't Be That Guy image: Just because she's drunk...

Source: Sexual Assault Voices of Edmonton

In this context it's not quibbling to say we could but shouldn't spend all day debating whether most date rapists know exactly what they're doing, or instead know what they're doing but have radically impaired judgment, or are just so fucking indoctrinated to the bogus Two Rules of Desire fueled status quo that it simply never occurs to them that what they're doing is raping their impaired or unconscious dates.

It's not quibbling because the campaign's message targets the behavior, not the motivation. Even better (or worse from the date-rapist's perspective) it clearly identifies cases that make people "that guy." You can argue that it might provide desperately needed clues to the clueless perpetrator but won't stop intentional predators.

Maybe not.

But the beauty of the campaign is that it doesn't just warn you not to be "that guy," also it clearly warns your peers to recognize when you're being "that guy." As opposed to, say, identifying you as "lucky," or "good with women."

In other words by identifying what "that guy" behavior looks like the campaign helps erase most of the "gray" in those infamous "gray area" cases both predatory and clueless perpetrators are most comfortable operating in.  The benefit there is twofold: first, when there's no ambiguity the merely clueless don't perpetrate, which in turn leaves the genuinely predatory with no "but everybody does it" protective cover.

The best thing about the campaign, though, is it's implicit message that most men really aren't "that guy!" Even better it acknowledges that most men don't and never will want to be "that guy."  Not even accidentally.   The beauty of it is that nobody wants to be "that guy."  And the campaign helps clearly define how not to be one.

So.  Summary: Not automatically blaming the victim? Check.  Not automatically blaming all men either?  Check!  Clearly identifying the problem though? Check!  Framing it in a way that makes date rapists familiar characters?  Check.  Framing it in a way that makes date rapists look really lame to their peers instead of glamorous or macho?  Check!  Making it sound like no, you really don't want to be "that guy?"  Or even mistaken for him?  Check.  Best of all?  Making men part of the solution and not just the problem?  In a way we can go along with instead of object to resent?  Check.  If inadvertently or on purpose you ever were "that guy" does it give you a clear idea how to stop being one?  Check.

I love this kind o


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Interpol and the Assange Case: Finding a Law-Enforcement Pony Under Naomi Wolf's Pile of... Opinion

Via Mark Liberman of Language Log, it turns out that occasional slut-shaming feminist Naomi Wolf has what with just a little editing makes a really, really good point about the international manhunt and eventual arrest of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange.  Some of what she says sounds a bit like more slut-shaming, which is... well... a shame since it distracts from the genuinely good stuff.  So with those caveats in mind here's my heavily edited excerpt of her original Huffington Post piece.

Dear Interpol:

As a longtime feminist activist, I have been overjoyed to discover your new commitment to engaging in global manhunts to arrest and prosecute men who behave like narcissistic jerks to women they are dating.

...

Thank you again, Interpol. I know you will now prioritize the global manhunt for 1.3 million guys I have heard similar complaints about personally in the US alone — there is an entire fraternity at the University of Texas you need to arrest immediately.

Source: Language Log

There's more, of course.  The rest is kind of crap.  But the above is actually quite good.

Interpol, of course, objects strenuously that they take every case of even non-violent non-consensual sexas seriously as they take international-secrets-divulging webmasters.

And while, yeah, they're probably lying it's still nice to imagine somebody holding a law enforcement agencys feet to the fire.  Probably shouldn't be Wolf herself, since she might have just been wringing it for rhetorical snark.  But it shouldn't be left on the table either.  It really would be good if they took it seriously.


For discussion of the... less effective elements of Wolf's post see also


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If You Can Spend 20 Minutes Commenting About Rape You Can Spend Less Than a Minute to Support Boston's Rape Crisis Center

Holly of The Pervocracy has an easy way for computer-bound people to do something for rape victims in the Boston area.

[I]f you care about rape, here’s a no-effort way to do something about it. The Classy Awards are an event that awards large cash prizes to charities, and you can vote for the Boston Area Rape Crisis Center by clicking here. They’re in the running in several categories: Charity Of The Year, Most Effective Awareness Campaign, and Most Innovative Use Of Social Media. Peace Over Violence, which is also in the running for Most Effective Awareness Campaign, is another charity combating sexual and domestic violence.

This is the ultimate slacktivism opportunity: just click! (Remember to click “submit my ballot,” too. And then it wants to glom onto your Facebook or else you have to enter some stuff. So it’s actually click, click, type, click, so I guess I’m asking for some serious commitment here after all.)

Source: The Pervocracy.

Even better than saying how to support, she says why!

I personally know some of the people behind the Boston Area Rape Crisis Center and I can vouch that they do good work that they really believe in. They run a 24-hour hotline and provide advocacy, legal assistance, counseling, and other services to victims of sexual violence.

If you care enough to get in a highfalutin theoretical argument about skirt lengths and proximate causes and cultural influences blah de blah, then you should care enough to offer your support to people on the front lines, people who aren’t just supporting rape victims with Internet blustering, but by getting off their asses and driving to the ER at 3 AM. At a minimum you can give your clicks, but it makes even more of a difference when you directly donate or, if you’re in the Boston area, volunteer.

Pretty pragmatic as usual: if you care enough to spend 20 minutes typing about it you care enough to spend a minute less than a minute clicking.


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The No Sex Class: A Big Reason Anti-Feminists Are Ridiculously Defensiveness About Accusations of Rape

Thomas of Yes Means Yes says that if you come home and find your door broken and your stereo missing you’ll generally immediately tell people your house had just been robbed.

From the standpoint of the law in most places it’s only robbery if your stereo is taken by force or threat of force during a face-to-face confrontation. When in fact if you weren’t home then technically you weren’t robbed at all.

You were burgled.

If someone broke into your house and stole all your shit while none of the occupants were home, in most places and for many reporting purposes, you got burgled. But you’ll say you got robbed, because that’s what people say. And if you say, “I got robbed,” if you actually got burgled, nobody will call you a liar. Because you’re not lying. You’re just using the word in its ordinary nontechnical sense.

Nobody says, “he was manslaughtered.” People say “murdered” all the time, but whether that’s how the charge will read depends on state laws with different definitions. We don’t cross-examine a man who says, “my son was murdered,” in case his son was actually manslaughtered. That would be not only silly but inhuman. The word has an ordinary meaning.

But as soon as you say “rape”, some asshole shows up arguing that you need the right legal definition, a conviction, a note from your doctor and a notarized affidavit from the county clerk.

It’s bullshit, and fuck that noise, and that’s all I have to say about it.

He said it here.

Earlier this morning I was reading an interview with Andrea Dworkin from 1992 and she made a point that I’m not going to get into directly but which first of all was hugely overlooked and second of all is entirely germane to the incredibly squirrely avoidance strategies you encounter when trying to talk directly about the problem of rape.

The upshot was that if you’re mired up to your ass in Rule #1 of the bogus Two Rules of Desire (“it is simultaneously inconceivable and intolerable for a woman to have sexual desire”) and Rule #2 (“it is simultaneously inconceivable and intolerable for a man to be sexually desired”) then you’re going to have it somewhere in the back of your mind that absent some form of guile, intoxication, or outright force straight men could never get laid. And so you’re going to be really, really defensive about it.

The trick, as Dworkin pointed out, is that she wasn’t the one saying men could never get laid. And in fact she wasn’t saying that at all. Instead it was her (male) interviewer who was saying it. And he pretty much was.

Dworkin was perfectly aware that women can very much enjoy sex in general and intercourse in particular. And if the joke hadn’t grown so old for her, and if the consequences weren’t so terrible, she might have been amused that her interviewer didn’t seem to get it.

Point being that, as I like to say over and over, anti-feminists hate men worse than anybody. And feminists definitely aren’t the ones most likely to believe all men are rapists!

Update: I mean… Sweet Mother of Pearl, what’s in it for you that makes it worth insisting that 99% of all rape accusations are false?


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Medical Procedures: With Friends Like These It's Very Difficult To Distinguish Prejudicial Care

Last spring Matthew Yglesias quoted Richard Ablin, discoverer of the PSA test for prostate cancer, on the cost of the test’s adoption (and misuse!), on both the healthcare system and patients themselves. (Emphasis Yglesias’s)

The medical community is slowly turning against P.S.A. screening. Last year, The New England Journal of Medicine published results from the two largest studies of the screening procedure, one in Europe and one in the United States. The results from the American study show that over a period of 7 to 10 years, screening did not reduce the death rate in men 55 and over.

The European study showed a small decline in death rates, but also found that 48 men would need to be treated to save one life. That’s 47 men who, in all likelihood, can no longer function sexually or stay out of the bathroom for long.

Albin said it in the NYT, here.

Yglesias adds

In the health care domain, in particular, a mix of weak science, bad economic incentives, and poor mathematical understanding leads to a fair amount of over-treatment. And over-treatment for cancer isn’t just an issue of spending money that didn’t need to be spent—treatment for prostate cancer normally has very unpleasant side effects and it’s really cruel to inflict it on men who don’t actually need the treatment.

He said it here.

Yup. Prostate surgery is necessarily pretty brutal. A urologist friend told me once that just to reach it you have to carve through some of the toughest, most interconnected muscles in the body. And then since the prostate completely surrounds the urethra, nearly all nerves and blood vessels to the penis, and the base of the penis itself, it’s extremely difficult for even very-targeted surgery or radiation treatments to a) remove cancerous tissue without b) severely degrading bladder control, erections, and anything else one might ordinarily do with a penis. Then you have to recover the use of all the pelvic and leg muscles and connective tissue the surgeons must go through to get to the prostate in the first place.

And then somebody, somewhere in the economy, has to pay for it.

All with a 47-1 chance that the debilitation and the expense was unnecessary.

And lest I seem to be dwelling disproportionately on prostate cancer, Yeglesias points out

...as far as cancers go, that’s totally typical. Reducing over-screening and over-treatment would probably save money (though it’s always hard to know what the long-term impact will be since everyone eventually gets sick and dies) and will definitely spare patients a lot of pain and suffering.

Anyway, while this post came up way before the recently raised concerns about the mistreatment of women in maternity I think it nicely illustrates the problem faced with distinguishing specifically misogynistic treatment of women in maternity with plain old ordinary mistreatement of people in medical treatment.

Most urologists are men, as of course are all prostate patients. And so by only the most convoluted reasoning could one construct a case that treatment was influenced by misogyny. And yet protocol is such that 46 men are effectively castrated and rendered incontinent at extraordinary cost for every one man who’s life and/or post-recovery quality of life is likely to be improved.

This is so not one of those “but men are mistreated too” arguments. Instead the point is that under present practice everyone is a potential candidate for mistreatment, with the result that distinguishing mistreatment motivated by misogyny (or racism, classism, ageism, ableism, or conversely by incompetence, indifference, or vindictiveness) is very, very difficult.

Or, approaching it from the other direction, finding ways to eliminate the sort of abuse and inconsideration that appear to be inherent in much of contemporary medicine (medicine of all stripes including much of alternative and “non-western” practice) would have two strong benefits in the fight against misogyny and other prejudice-based abuses.

First, it would just plain make the remaining cases of prejudice-based abuse vividly apparent.

Second and even more importantly, it would make it way more difficult for prejudiced practitioners to hide their behavior in the greater noise of non-prejudiced injury.

Case in point, the capricious 4th-degree episiotomy Chingona mentions in comments at Kittywampus would have been unambiguously targeted for prosecution were 2nd- or 3rd-degree episiotomies not also considered perfectly routine. But even better, under other circumstances whether it was motivated by sheer prejudice or merely by the OB’s personal pettiness it most likely wouldn’t have happened at all.

(Quick note for the majority of people who are seriously deficient in maternity practices. The entire medical justification for episotomies is to avoid 4th-degree tearing. Consequently a caregiver snipping one for shits and giggles ought to have been caught anyway. That it wasn’t… assuming it wasn’t… is evidence that that which is routine desensitizes supervisors and lay people alike from distinguishing actual abuse.)


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