sex research

Talk About Burying the Lede! Researchers Show When it Comes to Gross Outs and Sex Women and Men Are...

The breathless headline (probably not written by Wired UK science writerLiat Clark) says "Sexual Arousal May Help Women Ignore the Yuck Factor."

Really! Wow, yeah, I mean we all know women are so sensitive and easily squicked and... and...

Oh wait, the very last paragraph of the article says...

A 2009 paper did come to similar conclusions when investigating the affects of sexual arousal on the disgust mechanism in male undergraduate students.

Source: Wired Science

In other words men and women, both, are made of snakes, sugar, snails, spice, puppy-dog tails, and everything nice. In about equal measure.

It's kind of a cool research topic, incidentally, in keeping with the SIS/SES hypothesis of arousal Emily Nagoski evangelizes. And the intention is evidently to explore certain (possibly common) sexual dysfunctions. And it's cool that one set of researchers decided to do coverage of women after others did coverage of men.

But wow, watch those gender-reflex headlines, gang.


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Petra Boynton Does Credibility Diminishing on G-Spot "Augmenting" Researcher

Speaking of overzealous male sex researchers, Petra Boynton the latest g-spot un-debunker, Adam Ostrzenski, who says he's definitely, positively found what he's calling the "g-spot" organ while dissecting the anterior vaginal wall of one particular cadaver of an 83-year-old woman, has a pretty glaring conflict of interest.

[T]he author claims he has no conflict of interest. Which is concerning given he runs a Cosmetic Gynaecology practice this is not in itself sinister but it does have a bearing on why he may have an interest in proving the presence of a g-spot and should have been declared in both the press release and the paper. It is remiss of the journal and publisher not to ensure this was done.

Alongside the numerous cosmetic genital procedures he offers, Dr Ostrzenski trains practitioners in procedures including ‘g-spot fat augmentation’ and ‘g-spot surgical augmentation’.

This sounds very much like something that could well be considered a conflict of interest and should have been declared as such in the paper.

Source: Dr. Petra Boynton

On the one hand, maybe you can say that a guy who tries to make a living in "g-spot fat augmentation" would have a vested interest in locating the actual g-spot in order to best, well, augment it. On the other hand, though, if the guy's got a vested interest he be a little over invested in finding something he can claim his procedure "augments." Either way, though, it's unusual for good researchers to claim no commercial interest when they plainly have one.

Via Ed Yong


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No-Sex Class and STEM: Do We Know More About "G-Spots" Than "Testicle-Spots" Because Researchers are Still Mostly (Hetero) Male?

Photo by Flickr user avlxyz. Cached as a bandwidth-conserving courtesy
Photo by Flickr user avlxyz. Used under a Creative Commons license.

Speaking of (mostly-male) researcher's obsessive fixation on "female sexuality" and (almost complete) neglect of men's sexuality, Dr. Petra Boynton brings it home with the following thought experiment. She's talking about yet another case of "does she or doesn't she" research on, what else, whether women have "g-spots."

[C]onsider how this scenario would look if it were penises under the microscope. While there are undoubtedly distressing issues facing men around penis size and stamina the stereotype for men is they all experience pleasure from their dicks. If you talk to men you discover some get intense pleasure from testicle stimulation and are unable to orgasm without this. Some hate their balls touched. Some get a lot of pleasure if attention is paid to the shaft of the penis. Some find direct stimulation to the glans uncomfortable. Others experience more pleasure from anal stimulation.

Yet we do not suggest because men can and do experience pleasure from different areas in their genitals that there are specific spots that guarantee male orgasm or that men are somehow deficient if they do not experience say, a left testicle orgasm. We don’t scan, survey, or perform autopsies on penises to establish the most sensitive parts. Nor do we have self help books, courses or sex toys designed to coach men into experiencing orgasm through stimulation to specific areas of their genitals.

Indeed suggesting this usually results in people laughing. Why would we do this? But we do seem to feel the need to continue to make women’s bodies and sexual responses seem complex and difficult. Actually that’s not quite true. One journal and the media appear preoccupied with this. Most people are not that bothered and certainly most sex researchers are not.

Source: Petra Boynton

First of all, hey, left-testicular orgasms! WTF? Where can I get one of those!?!?!? Why aren't there tons of books and DETAILS magazine articles telling me, and my partner(s) how to find this elusive "L-T spot?" Oh, right.

Hey, is it time to get out the bogus Two Rules of Desire of the dominant women-as-the "no-sex" class paradigm yet? Thanks to Rule #1 (it is simultaneously inconceivable and intolerable for a woman to express sexual desire) "female" sexuality is a big, giant mystery. A medical problem! Heck, did I say medical? It's an out-and-out engineering problem! Meanwhile, thanks to Rule #2 (it is simultaneously inconceivable and intolerable for a man to be sexually desired) there... pretty much isn't a field anyone calls "male sexuality."

It goes without saying that neither women nor men benefit from what amounts to the academic equivalents of trying to get a peek into the girl's lockerroom.

Now. Does that mean there's anything particularly wrong with turning an interest in the sexual details of the kind of people you have an orientation for into a topic for research? Not specifically. Unless for some reason the vast, vast, vast majority of researchers are of one sex and one orientation.

Similarly is should we be particularly put out that guys like this Adam Ostrzenski would prefer to feel more comfortable, say, dissecting dead 83-year-old women to trying to help, say, live 21-year-old men have left-testicle orgasms? Eh. It might be a little phobic but you can't say there's not a heck of a lot of social pressure on straight men not to spend a lot of time thinking about other men's penises.

So!

Not to sound petty or self-interested but this seems like as good a reason as any to encourage more women to become academics in STEM fields. As commenter PattyCake put it in my last post "Because who wants to think about guys jacking off? (Me!)"


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Curious Gender Imbalance in the Curiosity of (Mostly-Male) Sex Researchers

Photo by Flickr user marsmet462. Cached as a bandwidth-conserving courtesy
Photo by Flickr user marsmet462. Used under a Creative Commons license.

Sweet mother of pearl is there ever a mind-bending difference in the number of research papers on "female arousal" compared to similar studies of men.

This despite the fact that it sure looks like sex researchers (particularly principle investigators) are overwhelmingly male. And would have plenty of research material at... er... hand.

You'd think, especially for no-brainer (heh) PET-scan research like this one, called High-intensity Erotic Visual Stimuli De-activate the Primary Visual Cortex in Women, someone would bother to try the same experiment on men to see whether there were differences or similarities.

Or, if they did do use such experimental "controls" you'd think they'd mention it in the abstract. Not least because you'd think someone would be interested in one of two obvious outcomes

  • Research showed that women's brains categorically process "high-intensity erotic visual stimuli" differently than do men's, or
  • Research showed that women's and men's brains process such stimuli similarly.

Either way you'd think news about the latter two would be more interesting. But... probably because it would involve learning something about male sexuality... either nobody bothered mentioning it or, more likely, nobody's even bothered to try.

It's not that nobody's interested.  But most of the time it's not very integrated -- people generally seem to study a) female arousal, b) female arousal, c) female arousal, d) male arousal, e) female arousal, f) gay male arousal, g) female arousal, etc.  But you only occasionally see the same experiements conducted on both men and women. 

I still think the problem is that since everybody already "knows" everything you could possibly know about male sexuality (e.g. 90% of men masturbate and the other 10% are liars) there's no real reason to look... to see what if any of what we "know" is true.


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"Everybody Knows" Men Think of Sex More Often Than Women. What We Now Know is More Complicated

Assuming you're a carbon-based life form you've probably heard the common wisdom that men think about sex more often than women. Common wisdom varies but usually it's every six minutes for men. And while common wisdom is pretty much completely silent on how often women think about sex it's always a foregone conclusion that it's not as much.

Anyway, like a lot of common wisdom that "everyone knows" because it reinforces common... um... stereotypes the actual difference was just too well-known for anyone to bother to go back and check.

Until now. Via Patrick Morgan a preliminary study titled "Sex on the Brain?: An Examination of Frequency of Sexual Cognitions as a Function of Gender, Erotophilia, and Social Desirability" tried to confirm what "everybody knows." And discovered instead that while men do think about it more frequently compared to women they also think about all their other bodily needs (food and sleep as well as sex) more frequently. The upshot evidently (again it's another study conducted by public employees with public grant money that's behind another private paywall) is "it's complicated." Men evidently do body check-ins more frequently than women do, and when they do they think about sex... but they also think about other body needs like food and sleep. Women evidently do check-in less frequently but when they do they think about sex, food, sleep, and other needs in proportions very similar to men.

Anyway, it sounds like in absolute terms men do think of sex more often but proportionately don't think about it more than women do. I don't feel a sufficient urge to know to ask someone to send me an ungated copy of the paper, but I am curious how they feel proportional need-based cognitions is a better metric than absolute numbers.

But they must feel pretty confident about it because the abstract ends with

Overall, erotophilia* was a better predictor of sexual cognition than was sex of participant. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that, although there may be a sex difference in sexual cognitions, it is smaller than is generally thought, and the reporting is likely influenced by sex role expectations.”

Source: Discover Blogs - NCBI ROFL

The next question, especially after a relatively small-scale study like this, would probably be whether there's much variation in erotophilia between men and women. But it's always great when someone takes a closer look at what "everybody knows." As Will Rogers said, "It isn't what we don't know that gives us trouble, it's what we know that ain't so."

* See Cory Silverberg's definition of erotophilia. It's a psychological term for, basically, comfort and interest in sex.


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Note to Central Illinois Readers: Kate Clancy's Researching Hormonal Contraception Use in the U.S., You Can Help

Professor Kate Clancy, who's doing research about attitudes towards hormonal contraceptives in the U.S., is looking for focus-group participants in central Illinois.

Women in the United States use hormonal contraceptives more than any other nation in the world. Doctors and patients in other countries report a hesitance to prescribe hormonal contraceptives for off-label use (to improve the skin, or regulate the cycle) where most pharmaceutical advertisements in the US celebrate exactly those uses.

Why do women in the US use hormonal contraceptives more frequently? How did you and your doctor decide that this prescription was right for you?

If you live in or near Champaign-Urbana, we would like to have you come participate in a focus group on exactly this topic! We would like to validate a survey that will be used online, but also get freeform responses from real women about their real experiences.

Source: Context and variation

I think this is a great idea!

What I was taught by sex educators, who often still remembered when The Pill first came out, was assumed (probably with justification) that it was easier for conservative parents to accept hormonal contraception for their daughters when the "official" reason was to moderate acne or even out periods.  Same for some more progressive but still-traditional Catholic healthcare providers.  And so that was the line a lot of us learned and were encouraged to pass along back in the day.

But!

That's an awful long time to let an assumption like that go unchallenged.  Which is why I think it's a very good idea to stop assuming and actually inquire.

Details of the study including contact information can be found by following this link.


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Why Research How Older People Have Sex? Because Not All Sex Happens on College Campuses

Holly Moyseenko Kossover of My Sex Professor has some very welcome news. (Emphasis mine.)

A friend of mine recently pointed an interesting article in Newsweek about another benefit of aging. No, not discounted coffee at McDonald’s (I prefer the stuff that I make at home anyway) – but better sex!

Just when I think I’m living in a culture possibly a little too obsessed with youth, articles like this remind me that getting older definitely brings its own benefits. I’m all about aging gracefully (trying to stay healthy, washing my face every thing) but there are aspects of aging that seem to at least somewhat dance across the minds of even my most zen friends. However, articles that boast how sexy Helen Mirren looks are a nice reassurance (and damn, she is a gorgeous woman – at my age I’d be pleased to look how she does now).

The article points out that studying sexuality in older populations is still relatively new. Why is that? Did we just believe that after a certain age, there is no sex? Sure, the way someone engages in sex may change, but they can still be an extremely sexual individual and enjoy a healthy and fun sex life.

Source: Holly Moyseenko Kossover of My Sex Professor.

Considering how very thoroughly studied sex before, say, age 25 it’s important to understand how older people have sex not just because it’s somehow “fair” but because so much of what we assume to be just plain universal and true about all humans derives from ages when we’re just barely getting basic adulthood under our belts. As it were.

Those studies that have been done suggest, over and over, that a lot of assumptions about immutability — girl’s reticence, boy’s impetuousness for instance — not to mention assumptions about orientation “fluidity” or lack thereof seem to fade as early as the early thirties.

Anyway, it’s not just a case of “but older people have sex too.” That’s rather a foregone conclusion. We just don’t know enough about how everybody has sex to draw very well-informed conclusions about human behavior — sexual or otherwise! I mean, yeah, the light’s better under the street light of college campus-based academic researchers. But, metaphorically speaking anyway, there’s a heck of a lot more sex happening in the dark.


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Un-Selection Bias: A Lot of Sex Research Sounds Whacky Because We're Unwilling to Discuss (or Fund) it Seriously

Via Discover Magazine’s NCBI ROFL blog an Egyptian medical research team has a paper out called An electrophysiologic study of female ejaculation. Here’s the abstract ROFL cited

Opinions vary over whether female ejaculation exists or not. We investigated the hypothesis that female orgasm is not associated with ejaculation. Thirty-eight healthy women were studied. The study comprised of glans clitoris electrovibration with simultaneous recording of vaginal and uterine pressures as well as electromyography of corpus cavernous and ischio- and bulbo-cavernosus muscles. Glans clitoris electrovibration was continued until and throughout orgasm. Upon glans clitoris electrovibration, vaginal and uterine pressures as well as corpus cavernous electromyography diminished until a full erection occurred when the silent cavernosus muscles were activated. At orgasm, the electromyography of ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles increased intermittently. The female orgasm was not associated with the appearance of fluid coming out of the vagina or urethra.

Read the abstract in context here.

Lest one imagine the researchers (led by the late Ali. A. Shafik of Cairo University) were singling out one sex for electromyographic scrutiny they’ve also published Electromyographic study of ejaculatory mechanism.

Cavernosus muscle (CM), seminal vesicle (SV) and vasal ampullary (VA) contractions at ejaculation are said to be reflex mechanisms (ejaculatory reflex), which have been scarcely dealt with in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that contraction of the CMs, SVs and VA at ejaculation is a reflex action. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of CM, SV and VA during ejaculation was recorded in 28 healthy men. The test was repeated after separate anaesthetization of the glans penis (GP), CMs, SVs, and VA in the pre-ejaculatory period. Latent ejaculatory time (LET) was calculated. CMs showed no EMG activity until rigid erection phase was reached. SVs and VA exhibited resting EMG activity which increased gradually with different stages of erection. At ejaculation, CMs, SVs and VA showed two to four intermittent contractions. The mean LET was 1.3 +/- 0.2 sec. GP anaesthetization led to the disappearance of CM, SV and VA EMG activity at ejaculation, while bland gel did not affect EMG activity. CMs, SVs and VA when anaesthetized in the pre-ejaculatory period exhibited no EMG activity at ejaculation, while saline did not affect EMG activity. Increased EMG activity of CM, SV and VA apparently denotes increase in their contractile activity. CM, SV and VA contraction on GP stimulation and ejaculation are assumed to be reflex actions and are mediated through the ‘glans-cavernosovesicular reflex’ (GCVR) which presumably represents the ejaculatory reflex. Changes in LET or evoked response would indicate a defect in the reflex pathway. The GCVR might act as an investigative tool in diagnosing erectile dysfunction, provided further studies are performed in this respect.

Read the quote in context here.

And I might as well add that Shafik actually authored or co-authored an astonishing number of similar papers dealing with neuromuscular activity of the general pelvis, urogenital area, and lower intestinal tract.

Now when I saw the name it rang a bell and I realized Mary Roach had written about him in her (excellent) book about sex research, Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex.

While Googling to confirm the connection (she did write about him) I ran across an interview of Roach by NPR’s Robert Siegel. Seigel approached the subject matter a little glibly, as mainstream types often feel obliged to do, and after a bit of mocking of Shafik’s self-funding, his seeming remoteness from western medicine (although he was often published in reputable peer-reviewed proctology, urology, andrology, and gynecology journals), and an admittedly goofy-sounding paper studying the effect of polyester on rat fertility, he asked Roach

SIEGEL: Well, after meeting people like Dr. Shafik in Cairo, and you and your husband taking part in a study with Dr. Dang in London and so many other interviews you report on on the book, then what do you come away, what’s the takeaway knowledge you have from having written “Bonk”?

And I think she just knocked the answer right out of the park (emphasis mine.)

MS. ROACH: Well, I think that one of the things that I’m left with is a lingering sense of surprise that there are still a good number of mysteries in the realm of sexual physiology.

You kind of have the sense – as a person who has sex, you figure, well, you know, it seems to work, what else do we need to know, which is kind of a ridiculous attitude. That would be like somebody saying to a person who’s studying, say, the esophageal sphincter, well, we all know how to eat, why do we need to study that?

SIEGEL: Mm-hmm.

MS. ROACH: So, I come against that all the time. People are saying, well, what’s the point of this research, you know? Tell me something I don’t know about sex. We don’t know, for example, the mechanisms of ejaculation, what the trigger is for that. And there’ve been all kinds of elaborate and quite frightening little studies that have been done in that realm, just any number of things that we really should still be looking into, and yet it’s very difficult for sex researchers to get funding for purely anatomical and physiological research these days.

She said it here.

The mild rebuke is well taken. The researchers Roach documented often are a little goofy, they usually are self-funded, they often are from seemingly-obscure parts of the world, and even when much of their work is actually credible when they’re cited in the mainstream press (whether by NPR or Discover Magazine) it’s their whackiest work that gets singled out rather than their more useful work.

I like her useful comparison of attitudes towards sex and food since I’m often taken by the analogies. If our social attitudes were reversed you really might be as difficult to get funding for credible research in the U.S. and western Europe. We might instead be subjected to knee-squeezingly embarrassed radio discussions of the swallowing reflex and other bodily functions above the belt.

Do we really need to know more about the electromyography of ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles in women or the the ‘glans-cavernosovesicular reflex’ in men as it pertains to sexual arousal, orgasm, and/or ejaculation (male or female?) Why as a matter of fact we do.

Because, not to put too fine a point on it, laughing is not the only thing we enjoy doing while rolling on the floor.


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Cory Silverberg On Science Reporting, Research Interpretation, and Sexual Ethics... Oh and Lube For Anal Sex

Cory Silverberg of Sexuality.About.Com has a genuinely wonderful, thoughtful, and informative post up this week. The nominal topic is about sex of course, anal sex generally, and lubrication used during anal intercourse in particular. While I’m not going to call any of that part superficial (it’s informative, relevant, thoughtful, and positive in both the attitude- and the sex- senses) what really draws my attention, and makes me like Silverberg very much, is his wonderful sense of journalistic, scientific, public-health, and (most important, considering the topic) sexual/erotic ethics.

But more about that in a moment. The subject at hand is a pair of studies measuring the role popular sex lubricants play in tissue damage and STI transmission during penile/anal intercourse. If you were to just skim the headline/teaser versions of the story you’d conclude that it’s risky to use lube when having anal intercourse.

Perhaps because he’s comfortable enough talking about sex that he doesn’t have the distraction of squeezing his knees together and giggling, and perhaps because he’s just a darn good science reporter, Silverberg explains what it means, what it doesn’t, some good takeaways, and (my favorite) some nice analysis of the pitfalls of over-interpreting individual study results.

Anyway, here’s Silverberg

Taken together, these two papers seem to be suggesting that using lubricants, or at least some kinds of lubricants, might actually be a bad idea when you’re on the receiving end of anal intercourse. And if you listen to the press conference that followed the presentation of the data, it sounds like at least some of the researchers are comfortable interpreting this very early data with some significance.

But don’t put away that lube bottle just yet (and probably you won’t be putting it away ever). Remember that collecting data, interpreting it, and reporting on it are three very different activities. While some blog posts have suggested this is radical news, consider the fact that all of the reporting from the researchers themselves and from IRMA makes it clear that this is very preliminary research, and should be interpreted as such.

He said it here.

So far so good. Here’s a great caveat for assessing not just sex-related research but almost any-related research.

Risk is never absolute and it never exists in a vacuum. The clinical study seems to suggest that using lubricant increases risk of getting an anal STD. But it doesn’t consider the risk of infection without lubricant. Sex educators have said for years that lubricant makes anal sex safer because it reduces friction and tearing, and therefore reduces the risk of STD transmission. This new data doesn’t contradict that because it doesn’t address it.

So that’s the first cool part: Even if there are some risks to using lube for anal intercourse those same risks are even greater if you don’t!

A scandalous oversight? Not really. The researchers are pretty clear they’re offering preliminary research, not final recommendations.

Another non-scandal that’s… probably more closely related to problems with technical and “folk” use of words like “findings,” “risk,” and even “safety.”

Similarly, the lab study of lubricants, which does seem to draw conclusions that some lubricants may be “safer” than others, needs to be contextualized, lest we forget how slippery the term “safe” is. When a researcher says that a silicone lubricant was found to be safe, what they mean was that it didn’t do the one or two bad things they were looking at. It doesn’t mean that if you use silicone lubricant you will be safe, or even safer, if you don’t also consider other factors.

Cool, eh? They’ve drawn some conclusions related to very specific questions they were trying to answer: if you’re worried about, say, lube-induced dessication of surface cells in the rectum then yeah, they’re your guys. Those aren’t the only concerns, though, so as Silverberg (and most likely the researchers) you’d want to assess all the risks before making decisions.

And best of all? The paragraph I’m about to quote makes not one but two really cool, really related points: first that to be really helpful such studies need to take sexual enjoyment into account, and second of all he explains why enjoyability is relevant. (Emphasis mine.)

As usual, sexual pleasure isn’t being talked about at all, and this too needs to be addressed in both the conducting and reporting of future research. The end goal of all this research is awareness of risk and behavior change. We aren’t talking about dental hygiene here. We are talking about activities people engage in for a reason, and sexual pleasure is often part of that reason. To talk about anal intercourse and lubricant, particularly to talk about lube as a risk factor, outside of the context of pleasure makes sense only in the lab, only in theory. It doesn’t matter how good the research is, if you want to affect change in people’s lives, you have to speak to us in a way that we can connect with. If the only argument you make for behavior change is numeric, it might scare us for about three minutes, but it’s not likely to help us at all.

Yup. If something feels good enough to want to do in the first place, even good enough to want to do over and over and over, you need to take that into consideration.

All in all a nice, thoughtful post.


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Scarleteen's Heather Corinna Needs Your Help With Survey About Real Adults Attitudes About Casual Sex

I’m passing this along for three reasons, because Heather’s a friend, because she’s doing good work, and because I hope I can help her find adults in their late 20s, 30s, 40s and beyond who are willing to complete a confidential survey for what I consider to be a worthwhile project.

Heather Corinna is doing a large study on multigenerational experiences with and attitudes about casual sex. The data will ideally be used for publication, but answers are completely anonymous and will only be used anonymously.

There’s a lot of buzz now about “hooking up,” the newest term for casual sex, though casual sex isn’t new at all — nor does it only belong to the current generation, despite often being presented that way. Unlike most of the buzz out there, she’s not interested in telling anyone how to have sex, warning people off any given kind of sex or in presenting any one kind of sex as “the best way.” She’s just looking for what’s real, both in sexual attitudes and experiences among a diverse array of ages, genders and sexual identities, races and sexual ideologies/constructions. The only requirements for participating in this study are being over the age of 16, and having had some kind of sexual partnership before, even if none has been casual. The study will take around twenty minutes.

She would like the study to show as diverse an array of people as possible, especially since so often media representations or cultural conversations about casual sex are usually only about heterosexual white women or about gay men. She particularly wants to be sure LGBT people, people of color, those over 45 and social conservatives are adequately represented, so please share this link with your networks after you take the survey yourself, especially if your networks include people in any or all of those groups.

http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/S97WR6H

If you don’t know who Heather is, she’s been working in human sexuality for around 12 years. She is the founder and executive director for Scarleteen.com, does sex education outreach at youth shelters and women’s clinics in Seattle, and has been a sex columnist and writer online for sites like The Guardian and RH Reality Check. She has also been published in a handful of anthologies and is the author of S.E.X.: The All-You-Need-To-Know Progressive Sexuality Guide to Get You Through High School and College (DaCapo Press). If you have any questions, you can contact Heather at [email protected]

Considering that so flipping much of what we “know” about human sexuality is based on research conducted on undergraduates I’m always enthusiastic about efforts to include the other 85% of the adult population in the research! Thanks to Heather for doing the research and thanks to you if you choose to participate.


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