sex work

Language Usage: How Do People Refer to Service Persons and/or Servants?

When someone refers to a sex-workers customer as someone who “uses prostitutes” it implies a certain instrumental relationship towards the sex worker. One that, frankly, makes me at least a little uncomfortable.

Question: How do the same people who speak disapprovingly of the “use” of prostitutes speak about their own employment of…

  • Doctors
  • Hair dressers
  • Massage therapists
  • Plumbers
  • Accountants
  • Nanny
  • Gardeners

and, especially,

  • housecleaners?

Because, just in general, I’ve noticed that proper-minded people rarely speak of “using” doctors to check an unexplained cough, mole, or lump. Nor do you hear people speak of “using a plumber” to replace a broken toilet or leaky faucet. Nor do they talk about “using” a massage therapist when they need a kink in their back worked out.

Oddly you often will hear the same people say that they “use” a housecleaner, gardener, or pool-boy to keep their home in order.

I’m sure it’s just a quirk, sort of like the business in gendered languages like French or German where I’m perpetually assured it’s agreed it doesn’t mean anything.

I dunno. I was walking home from the grocery store thinking about this article in The Guardian about “why men use prostitutes.”

It’s a creepy article, mostly because of the alternately dreadful, desperate, self-deluding, and alienating things the customers say about what they know and how they feel about the (mostly) women they hire.

But it’s also creepy because of that “use prostitutes” thing the author and many of her compatriots do.

It’s an interesting article, and that’s just a minor quibble. But… I dunno. I mostly don’t like it when people talk about themselves or other people “using” people when they really mean they hire them to perform services. If the people themselves say “well yes, I use prostitutes” that’s one thing.

Update: Eh, maybe not so random usage. The report’s authors also uses phrases like “... had bought women in prostitution in the year before being interviewed.” With the extravagantly patriarchal implications that merely by hiring someone to do something sexual you’re buying an entire human being. Not a good thing.

More on Why Street/Subsistance Prostitutes Are Such Easy Targets for Serial Killers... and Everyone Else

This is a follow-up on yesterday’s post about how “just another crack-whore from the street” is a pretty accurate predictor whether a serial killer’s victim will be a) missed if she disappears, c) file a complaint or press charges if she survives, or c) will be taken seriously if she survives and files a complaint.

From the Times Online

Police [had] been called to Sowell’s house several times, most recently two weeks ago when a naked woman fell out of a first floor window, suffering cuts and scrapes. She declined to press charges.

...

The last visit they made was on September 22, just hours before a woman went to police to complain that Sowell had invited her to house for a drink, then become enraged, choking her with an extension cord and raping her.

It was not until last Thursday, October 29 – 37 days later – that officers followed up her complaint by visiting Sowell’s property, where they uncovered the first bodies. Sowell was arrested on Saturday.

Times Online, Nov. 4

So. Why do you suppose the “naked woman” declined to press charges? Why do you think they took 37 days before they bothered to follow up on

Finally, I started college in Olympia, Washington, at a time when police and everyone else believed the notorious Ted Bundy was still trying to harvest victims. Turned out he’d moved on literally weeks before I arrived. There were notoriously few clues about him back then — authorities had only recently linked a name, Ted, to him but weren’t sure if it was real or just an alias. There was nothing lackadaisical about the police response, the college’s response, or student-body response to Bundy.

Meanwhile, though, just 40 miles north the “Green River” killer, Gary Ridgeway, who was only just hitting his stride, had already murdered roughly as many street and subsistence prostitutes as Bundy had murdered “good” girls. It would be at least several years… really till bodies started being found weekly… that police and the public finally took notice.

Which I think supports my point that not only social but the legal obstacles make street and subsistence prostitutes particularly inviting targets for serial killers. And, Ted Bundy’s celebrity not withstanding, we see that in the raw numbers of serial-killer victims.

And just to be clear? Those same conditions make them every bit as vulnerable to all manner of non-lurid crimes such as rape, robbery, assault, and “regular” old murder.

"You're just another crack whore from the street. No one will know if you're missing?" Worse, He Seems to be Right.

From CBS News Early Show website, about alleged Cleveland serial killer Anthony Sowell. (Emphasis mine.)

[Early Show host Harry] Smith read a statement from a woman who escaped from Sowell’s house after, the woman says, Sowell started to try to choke her. The woman said Sowell remarked, “You’re just another crack (blank) from the street. No one will know if you’re missing.

Read the quote in context here.

What pisses me off is he was right. Smith interviews the mother of a woman, Tanya Charmichael, who disappeared from Sowell’s neighborhood a year ago. When she tried to report her daughter missing she says police joked that “Oh, go home, she’ll show up by Christmas, after the drugs are all gone.” Oh, and refused to take the report.

I don’t know if there’s much we can do about substance dependency problems, which Charmichael evidently had. And I don’t know if we can do much about whatever it is that makes people become serial killers either. And I don’t know if maybe another 3,000 years of experimentation with law enforcement might finally make prostitution go away.

What I do know, though, is that there’s a class of people — street or subsistence prostitutes — that’s extraordinarily vulnerable to predation because a) nobody cares but also b) even though “nobody cares,” the work they do is still illegal and so c) they are obliged to avoid, lie to, and generally invite the contempt of the people who would most be likely to protect them.

I talk a lot about legalizing prostitution, not because I think it’s hunky-dory. I don’t. In particular, as I’ve mentioned repeatedly, I believe it reinforces the idea of male sexual scarcity and heterosexuality as inherently transactional, and those are enormously destructive not only to women but to heterosexual men.

Instead I talk about legalizing it because here in the Pacific Northwest, including locations just a mile or so from my house, serial killers are known to have gathered and murdered something like four hundred human beings since the 1980s. And nearly all of them were street/subsistance prostitutes who were chosen expressly because their killers knew of, and typically shared, society and law-enforcement’s distain for them.

So when I talk about legalizing prostitution, again, it’s not because I think it’s just hunky-dory. It’s because I think it’s the only way to start transforming society’s relationship with an extraordinarily vulnerable population… and to transform that population’s relationship with society.

(Via Google Alerts on the term “serial killer”)

Harder Questions Than You Think: Actor vs. Sex-Worker, Two Plus Two, Escalators vs. Stairs

Fran Langum of Blue Gal says

Several bloggers including Echidne have pointed out the stupidity of the Freakonomics piece on prostitution. Working up outrage (over their utilitarian arguments re paying for sex) is difficult when faced with the Total Asperger Blinders of the authors: borderline autistic economists who don’t insert “humanity” into their equations don’t deserve a lot of ‘analysis.’ (Next up: the economy is down, so why aren’t more parents eating their babies?)

Read the quote in context here.

Note: lest you think she’s joking check out the highlighted sentences of this 2002 article in Slate.com by Steven Landsburg (emphasis mine.)

I am privileged to teach in one of the world’s most respected economics departments. We’re on pretty much everyone’s top-15 list, and by a lot of measures, we’re considered top-five. I mention this by way of pointing out that this is not some bunch of bozos we’re talking about here.

And yet somehow last summer, we managed to spend a week in a state of collective befuddlement, obsessing over a seemingly impenetrable conundrum that came up over lunch: If people stand still on escalators, then why don’t they stand still on stairs?

It was observed early on that if you stand still on stairs, you’ll never get anywhere. But for reasons I can no longer entirely reconstruct, that explanation was dismissed as overly simplistic.

He said it here.

Of course if I was too hard on them I’d have to explain how managed to hang on to a seven year old memory of an article about economists and escalators. And I remember the smell of simmering brain cells during a numbers-theory midterm I took in combined computability and cognition (a cheerful exploration of the limits of rationality) where one of the two questions was “prove that two plus two equals four.” Which, if you can’t use arithmetic or what you learned in pre-school, is tougher than it sounds.

And it’s not like imponderably obvious questions don’t deserve scrutiny. My favorite cautionary example about gender as a social construct instead of objective reality is the case of Joan of Arc, for whom wearing men’s clothing was so obviously a crime against God and nature that her English captors used that as the legal reason to burn her at the stake! Rather than than, say, leading a peasant army against her English captors, which she also did. Point being that what seems obvious isn’t always.

But I digress. The rest of Fran’s post turns an paragraph from the Freakonomics essay and turns it into an also fascinating and fundamental question about what constitutes the essence of prostitution: what exactly does it mean when a businessman in Texas phones a sex-worker in Chicago who charges him to fly down and do… something or other involving non-sexual devices and activities that “most people wouldn’t even recognize as sex per se.” Oh, that and she’s got a funny section about how if someone who’s paid to simulate having sex on film is an “actor” and someone else who’s paid to do non-sexual things is a “prostitute” then what happens if a “prostitute” buys a camera…

No, seriously, go read Fran’s whole, entirely work-safe post, and site, here.

Putting a Band-Aid Pasties Over a Bigger Problem

Rosie of Feministing, discussing a proposed Detroit city council amendment to ban strip-club lap dancing says

many of the women in sexually oriented businesses in Detroit are entering these industries because of economic constraints. This is different from folks who enter into sexually oriented professions having chosen exotic dancing from a variety of economic alternatives. But banning lap dances is an incredibly paternalistic way to show respect for women. If lawmakers are really concerned about women in these industries and increasing agency of these women, they should earmark some of the $18 billion in stimulus funds to create initiatives to provide women with real choices for employment.

She said it here.

That sounds about right. Blogging from Europe Matthew Yglesias notes that in Sweden a Big Mac costs about $8.00 and suggests why this might be (emphasis mine)

Recent blogging about the price of soda reminded me of the Economist’s occasional Big Mac Index feature which purports to offer a quick-and-dirty look at Purchasing Power Parities. Actually looking at the results, however, it seems to me that it’s really telling us more about low-end wages. Big Macs are incredibly expensive in Scandinavia not because the currencies are overvalued but because people in the bottom half of the Scandinavian wage distribution earn more money than people in the bottom half of the US distribution.

He said it here.

There will always be some objections to sex work. But one of the big sticks in the craw involves economic differentials between traditional provider and consumer classes. Whether or not the Detroit city council restricts lap dances is sort of immaterial — I’m not saying they should or shouldn’t and I’m definitely not concern-trolling it — if they’re not also doing something to generate employment alternatives for sex workers they’re effectively endorsing the institutions that make it possible.

If, Detroit, say, had a comprehensive social infrastructure that left men and women on an equal footing it’s possible there might still be sex work (although I suspect there’d not only be less supply but also quite a bit less demand.) And it’s possible some of that sex work would include stripping and lap dancing. But you could be pretty confident that whoever was doing it was doing it as a considered choice rather than economic necessity.

If you just outlaw it then even if there’s no emergence of underground alternatives you’re still painting over rotten wood.

Trafficking Post Follow-up: Guilty Verdicts in Los Angeles

Following up on a post from last January, a press release by Thom Mrozek of the DOJ Central District of California Office reports that…

LOS ANGELES – Five defendants, all members or associates of an extended family, face potential life prison sentences after being found guilty today of international sex trafficking for participating in a scheme that lured young Central American women and girls into the Los Angeles area and forced them into prostitution, announced Acting Assistant Attorney General Loretta King for the Civil Rights Division and U.S. Attorney Thomas P. O’Brien for the Central District of California.

The defendants, four Guatemalan nationals and one Mexican national, were convicted of conspiracy; sex trafficking by force, fraud, or coercion; and importation of aliens for purposes of prostitution. The jury in the case was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on additional charges.

During a six-week trial, the government presented evidence that the defendants targeted young, uneducated, impoverished undocumented women and girls from Guatemala, and conspired to lure and smuggle them into the United States, where they were put to work as prostitutes. All but one of the victims were enticed with bogus promises of legitimate jobs. But after arranging for the victims to be smuggled across the U.S.-Mexico border, the defendants used a combination of threats – deception, rape, physical violence and witchcraft – to compel the victims to perform acts of prostitution.

Read the rest of the press release here.

In my original post I mentioned one of the victims who pretty clearly believed she was being voluntarily smuggled into the U.S. to do domestic labor despite the defendants claims that all their victims had agreed to be smuggled for sex work. Mrozek’s press release suggests only one victim had arrived with the intention of doing sex work.

But as I also mentioned in the original post it doesn’t really matter what their intention was: the victims agreed only to be smuggled — transported across the border for a fee. The perpetrators instead trafficked them, withholding their incomes, forcing them to work without compensation, and keeping them physically and psychologically captive —including with threats to… wait for it… turn them over to immigration service for imprisonment and deportation.

Trafficking would still occur without restrictive immigration and border-migration policy. And sex trafficking might still occur if sex work was legal and socially destigmatized. But the motivation to trust one’s luck to someone who might only smuggle you but… might not would nearly evaporate. And so would the opportunities for traffickers to hook their victims in.

Agency and a New Way to Look at Responsibility for STIs

Juliana Piccillo of Whore Madonna, who I found via a Twitter link from Audacia Ray, makes a startlingly bold, pragmatic point about a Knoxville, TN, case where a sex-worker’s charges were upgraded from misdemeanor to felony because he or she turned out to be HIV positve.

I would argue it’s not criminal in any case. All sexually active adults in this country are well aware of the risks of STDS, STIs, HIV, etc. If they choose to not use protection or even if they choose to use protection and that protection fails, it was a risk they consented to.

She said it here.

It’s cool post and an interesting point: she’s clear that it’s certainly unethical, immoral, and outrageous not to disclose one’s status. And to at least a certain extent she, like I, may not mind that it’s illegal (though it shouldn’t be any more illegal when a sex-worker does it.)

But conceptually the law as it stands serves more to protect a mindset of denial — about condoms, about sex, about the “cleanliness” of all of us, about sex education, and especially, about male responsibility (sex-workers are roughly as likely to get STIs from customers as vice versa), and, for that matter, about expectations about protecting the “innocence,” ignorance or denial of sexually “virtuous” women.

This isn’t to “blame the victim” for failing to practice sex safety and it’s definitely not saying HIV, or really any illness, is a proportionate, let alone appropriate “that’ll teach you” consequence of failing to practice sex safety.

But let’s locate the agency for contraction of STIs where it belongs — with those who exercise sexual agency. Yes, not everyone who has sex has agency. But everyone else does. Certainly commercial-sex customers do (which is why singling out ill sex workers for prosecution is especially counterproductive.) But so does every other consenting adult.

Pretty useful way to look at it.

Expectation-Setting Works in Sex Work Too

CJ of Happyendingz – confessions of an erotic masseuse explains two really critical points, one clarifying sex worker and the world’s opinion of them…

Hey – we provide a service just like anyone else in the service industry where everything is negotiated up front. Would you walk up to a waitress and take whatever food she’s carrying? No. Just because she’s “your” waitress, doesn’t mean she’s carrying “your” food. Calling a masseuse a “sex toy” is like calling a waitress a “stove.” (And bravo to the guy who said “accountant” vs. “adding machine”!)

It’s the same thing with us. When you’re in my session room, you have to negotiate for services rendered just like anyone else. What some of the newbies assume (incorrectly) is that they “own” us for the next 30 minutes and can do whatever they damn well please because they’re paying for it. They start off all pushy and grabby, and then act surprised when you tell them to back off. I got news for ya – you’re not paying to remove the word “No” from my vocabulary. That seems to be the biggest misconception about “sex workers” in general – that anything goes just because cash is involved.

Case in point – About 2 months ago, I had a Mexican guy come in and ask for a 30 minute session. When I joined him in the room, he was sitting in the chair fully clothed, but with his pants down around his ankles. When I asked him what the fuck he was doing, he said he just wanted a blow job. I told him this is not that kind of place and he started to argue with me. Apparently he didn’t understand the difference between a massage parlor and a brothel.

She said it here.

Now we could just stop here and have a good eye roll at the clueless customer’s coarse presumptuousness. And maybe have a productive, authentically sex-positive discussion of boundaries assertion in relationships romantic or otherwise. Or, since the customer was from Mexico, we might make up some sort of tip-toe-y narrative about cultural differences. Or we could even admire her disdain for the viciously dehumanizing, used duct tape notion that sex workers “sell their bodies” as opposed to selling a service.

But that would miss the opportunity to get into CJ’s other point: communicating expectations to men – something I think is both more important and much cooler

Now when I pointed out that this guy was “Mexican” it’s because in Mexico (so I’ve been told) there is virtually no difference between a brothel, massage parlor or strip club. Down there they are all one and the same. I didn’t get offended by him, I just had to carefully explain things to him. When it finally registered with him what I do for a living, we both had a laugh and he settled in to a normal session.

She recognized and explained the difference in expectations. Even with his pants around his ankles he got it. Yeah, it’s a nuisance he made it all the way into her room before someone explained the difference. But instead of being some kind of freakout immutable force of violent male horniness he got it, even with his cultural and possible language differences, even with his previous experience… heck, even with his pants around his ankles!

That’s so much more interesting, and useful, than our standard narratives about women as hapless and men as ravening animals. Does it happen like that all the time? Do all such interactions end (literally and figuratively) with such happy endings? No, probably not. But most of them already do. And more would if we bothered making stories like that the expectation-setting narrative for men, and women, instead.

Locating Expectations and Responsibility

Bridget Crawfor of Feminist Law Professors, commenting on what she feels is thin-gruel anti-prostitution legislation in Rhode Island, says

Want to stop prostitution? Publish the names of the customers.

She said it here.

While I don’t agree that anybody should be prosecuted for uncoerced transactional sex I do agree that if you want to get serious about stopping prostitution, as constituted, then you have to start holding buyers responsible instead of sellers. You have to stop blaming the providers (enough of whom are not coerced to make “blaming the victim” an insufficient construction) and start blaming recipients.

And so, by all means, if they’re serious they should publish the names of the customers. (Not that they are.)

The point isn’t that men, the primary customers, are to “blame” for sex work. Nor, I think, should men be punished for seeking it. (Really, seriously, I believe that: sex work as constituted is a product of a social paradigm of sexual scarcity for men. Therefore whatever the solution is it’s not adding to the perception that men must be willing to put themselves at risk to find sex.)

It’s just that one of the big consequences of the heteronormative, androcentric view of the world is the assumption that men’s social/sexual activities are physical, inevitable property of the universe like gravity or the speed of light. With the result that we tend to lament men’s behavior, and fulminate about it, and devise and impose various behavior-modification schemes to try and subvert it, and oh boy do we create layers, and layers, and layers of customs, conventions, rules, regulations, and blame, blame, blaming of others to try and cope with it! But setting and upholding actual, useful, affirmative, non-punitive expectations? Not so much.

An Unspoken Non-Assumption in the 2009 Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report

In a section called “Debunking Common Trafficking Myths” Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2009 makes a some helpful distinctions about who becomes trafficked and when. (Italics mine.)

Initial Consent: A person may agree to migrate legally or illegally or take a job willingly. But once that work or service is no longer voluntary, that person becomes a victim of forced labor or forced prostitution and should accordingly receive the protections contemplated by the 2000 UN TIP Protocol. Once a person’s work is recruited or compelled by the use or threat of physical violence or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process, the person’s previous consent or effort to obtain employment with the trafficker becomes irrelevant.

A person may agree to work for an employer initially but later decide to stop working because the conditions are not what they agreed to. If an employer then uses force, fraud, or coercion to retain the person’s labor or services, the employer becomes a trafficking offender and the employee becomes a victim.

In April 2008, this type of misplaced reliance on a worker’s initial consent led to the deportation of three Thai victims from a European country because, according to the head of the anti-trafficking police unit in that country, the victims had consented to the employment and had arrived voluntarily in that country as guest workers. The victims in this case discovered their employment conditions were vastly different from what they expected when they initially accepted their jobs and traveled to Europe; further, their employers retained their passports, forced them to sometimes work without compensation, and threatened to turn them over to police if they did not work as they were told.

Prior Work History: Previous employment choices also do not exclude the possibility that a person may be a victim of trafficking. Some government officials fail to identify victims of sex trafficking because they may have willingly worked in the sex industry prior to being trafficked. Law enforcement may fail also to identify victims of labor trafficking because they are migrant workers and may have previously worked in difficult conditions, either legally or illegally. Whether a person is a victim of labor trafficking turns on whether that person’s service or labor was induced by force, fraud, or coercion.

Read the quote in context here.

It’s good to hear acknowledgement that neither sex work nor migration are synonyms for trafficking (despite neocons and conservative feminists to make them so.) Instead “trafficked” is something sex workers and migrants can become.

In a nod to a particular bugaboo of mine (and other people who wonder WTF with the vestigial “k”) there’s a clarification of what, exactly, is meant by the word “trafficking,” in a section on how it translates in different languages. (Italics again mine.)

Finding the right words to describe the crime remains a persistent challenge in combating human trafficking. Most formulations used to describe trafficking focus on the trade or buying and selling of people, or they mean something closer to “smuggling,” which relates specifically to movement over borders. These words, including the word trafficking in English, may not adequately capture the most important aspect of the practice: exploitation.

Now you’d probably be right if you thought using “exploitation” to clarify “trafficking” wasn’t exactly a step up. For instance Karl Marx pointed out (in a strictly technical sense) that the CEO of a corporation can be considered “exploited” if his or her labor nets her or his company more in revenue that it pays in salary, wages, stock options and other perqs. And thus someone (in the case of sex-workers even conservatives become Marxists) that any sex-worker or migrant who creates more value from their labor than they are provided in compensation is exploited. Similarly (as Jill né Twisty) points out PETA (sexually) exploits women in its pursuit of… killing and eating organism (or, in the case of Che Guevera’s grandaughter’s carrot bandolier, killing organisms for use as decoration) that are genetically less rather than more related to us.

But in this case the term doesn’t just mean “brings in more that you’re being paid out” or even “do something you’d otherwise rather not do but you’re doing for work.” Instead it means “applying leverage to get people to do something whether they want to or not, while not compensating them for what other, free individuals could reasonable expect to be compensated for.”

And if you put the first quote (common myths) with the second (trafficking is “exploitation”) you see something that isn’t expressly mentioned, delved into, analyzed, discussed, or debated in the Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2009: the leverage that’s most often applied in the exploitation of sex workers and migrants is that if the exploited individual tries to get help from the authorities the authorities will instead jail and/or deport them because both migration and sex work tend to be far more illegal than trafficking.

Don’t get me wrong — trafficking can happen for forms of work that strictly speaking don’t involve transnational migration or sex work — the egregious trafficking of children into sweatshop and agricultural labor in India and parts of Asia come to mind. But there’s not much the State Department, or the United States government, or governments of so-called “First World” countries in general can do about that. But the bulk of exploitation through trafficking that happens in the U.S. and other “first world” countries is about transnational migration and sex work. And it is within those countries’ power do do something about it.

Don’t know why the report, authored by people from here, wouldn’t get into that, since the illegality of undocumented migration and sex work are the key ingredients of exploitation here. But there you go.

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