sexuals stereotypes

The No-Sex Class: Reporting vs. Instructing in News About Sexuality

Tue, 2009-09-08 19:00

Anna N of Jezebel finds a charming new book called “Why Women Have Sex,” by Cindy Meston and David Buss. Subtitle: “The psychology of sex in women’s own voices; Understanding sexual motivations – from adventure to revenge (and everything in between.)

Neither Anna N nor I have read the book so I can only comment on the news coverage. But then as Dr. Petra Boynton points out, neither has anyone else — it’s not been published! Instead all we’re hearing about are reporters interpretations of the pre-publication press release. And the reporting is… all eaten up with the dominant paradigm of women as the “no-sex” class. Popularly quoted reasons from the press release include “I hoped he would put the rubbish out,” “to relieve a headache,” “to make my sexual skills better,” and “because it’s the closest thing to God.” It’s hard not to notice a common theme: women have sex for reasons other than sexual desire, usually in order to get something else.

Boynton notes, though, that while the book itself isn’t available the same authors published research based on reasons women and men have sex (pdf) back in 2007. The format of the survey, a list of 237 possible reasons for having sex, drew knee-squeezy remarks back then of the “who knew people had so many reasons” variety? Boynton says there’s every reason to believe that if they’re not just reusing previously-collected data from women in the survey they’re using the same methodology.

What’s fun about the list of 237 reasons is… it’s a very big list. Some of them are really, really… disappointing (I hoped he would put out the rubbish.” Others are perfectly predictable.

In fact, from the study here’s the top 15 responses given by both women and men in their 2007 study.


    
  Women   Men
1
  I was attracted to the person   I was attracted to the person
2

  I wanted to experience the physical
  pleasure

  It feels good
3
  It feels good   I wanted to experience the physical
  pleasure
4
  I wanted to show my affection
  to the person
  It’s fun
5
  I wanted to express my love
  for the person
  I wanted to show my affection
  to the person
6
  I was sexually aroused and wanted
  the release
  I was sexually aroused and wanted
  the release
7
  I was ‘‘horny’‘   I was ‘‘horny’‘
8
  It’s fun   I wanted to express my love
  for the person
9
  I realized  I was in love   I wanted to achieve an orgasm.
10
  I was ‘‘in the heat of the moment’‘   I wanted to please my partner
11
  I wanted to please
  my partner
  The person’s physical appearance
  turned me on
12
  I desired emotional
  closeness (i.e., intimacy)
  I wanted the pure
  pleasure
13
  I wanted the pure pleasure   I was ‘‘in the heat of the moment’‘
14
  I wanted to achieve an orgasm   I desired emotional closeness
  (i.e., intimacy)
15
  It’s exciting, adventurous   It’s exciting, adventurous

Source: Arch Sex Behav (2007) 36:477-507, pg. 481

Wow, little bit of symmetry there eh? Attracted to the person vs. attracted to the person. I wanted to feel the physical pleasure vs. it feels good. I was sexually aroused and wanted the release vs. I was sexually aroused and wanted the release. I wanted to show my love for the person vs. I wanted to show my affection for the person. Shocking how different men and women are!

And even though it shows up in all the reports there’s nothing at all in the top 15 about rubbish, Godliness, or headaches. From either men or women. (In fact, you don’t get to “I wanted to feel closer to God” until around item #227 the tenth-most infrequent reason given by… both women and men.)

It’s not that gender differences don’t show up in the list, but as usual, there’s a lot of overlap. I’m actually horrible at interpreting statistics but from a quick read it I think they identify more differences for decisions between personality types (they measured that in the questionnaire as well) than between genders. Someone with a better eye may want to correct me though.

Anyway, you can read their whole original report for yourself. The bottom line, though, is that if their original report was even slightly methodologically sound their new book won’t contradict it much at all.

Which means we can turn our attention back to the question of why everyone’s latching on to low-on-the-list but high-on-the-stereotype reasons in the original press release and in their reporting of it. My guess? Stereotypical Rule of Desire #1: It is simultaneously inconceivable and intolerable for a woman to have sexual desire.

Which brings me back to Anna N’s post at Jezebel (emphasis mine)

The idea that women never actually want sex is much older than Meston and Buss, and it often provokes responses like Jimara’s — and, more upsettingly, the rhetoric of pickup-artists who think their job is to convince women to do something they don’t actually want to do. This can become a vicious cycle of ever more reductive and damaging gender roles. But of course, lots of women do like sex. As commenter Emma says, “What a load of crap. I’m sick of so called research studies telling me how I think. I have sex because I like it!” I have to wonder if it’s still hard for women to admit this to researchers, if it’s somehow more acceptable to say “I hoped he would put the rubbish out” than “I was horny” (a phrase I, for my part, find it almost impossible to utter). And I wonder if the more newspapers tell women “how they think,” the more embarrassed they’ll be to admit how they really feel.

She said it here.

That sounds about right. It’s not that there are no significant differences between men and women, it’s that the most significant differences are external. And rather than providing information about sexual behavior the reporting, and possible the book itself, are giving directions.

Imposed vs. Performed Constructions of Gender on Transsexuality

Sun, 2009-09-06 08:27

AQueerTheory of Below the Belt: Deconstructing Gender says

The notion that gender is performative and artificial has become popular among sociologists, critical theorists and feminists. They have often objectified trans women by using their lives and experiences to prove the socially constructed nature of gender. For example, in West and Zimmerman’s famous 1987 article, “Doing Gender,” the authors use a study of a trans woman (Agnes), who actively learns stereotypically feminine behaviors as part of her transition, in order to demonstrate that gender is a social achievement and not something that emerges naturally in a person. What they failed to note is that Agnes and other trans women had to (and still have to) adopt such an archetypal feminine gender expression in order to convince doctors that they are ready to have surgery. The Harry Benjamin Standards of Care basically require trans women to portray themselves as stereotypical women in order to be eligible for a vaginoplasty. While academics are happy to use trans women’s lives in order to demonstrate the artificial nature of gender, they rarely ask trans women themselves to reflect on their experiences or study trans women for long periods after their transitions.

The whole post is great, read it here.

I particularly appreciate this paragraph because it actually preserves gender as a construction, on the one hand, while clarifying how it’s constructed: you feel like “a man” or “a woman” at the identity level and you’re either instructed implicitly by culture or expressly by doctors, parents, or teachers/coaches/trainers how that should be expressed, i.e. it’s constructed and impressed on you.

(Something very similar happens, obviously, when you feel like “a straight” or “a homosexual” or for that matter “an asexual” at the level of orientation… and are then instructed — sometimes brutally — as to how that should be expressed.)

The effect is only exaggerated with trans men and women: the statement “you only get reassignment surgery if you construct your assigned gender” is miles apart from “only those who construct their assigned gender seek reassignment surgery!”

This necessarily implies, by the way, that there are plenty of trans people who don’t, won’t, or can’t complete their reassignment because they don’t conform to (or perhaps identify with) the gender standards constructed for them. (Final note: that some trans people collude with gender construction doesn’t invalidate the point. All trans people are part of the society they live in; not all are going to have critical consciousness about it.)

—-

Two other great elements that make it worth reading Julian’s post. First there’s an excellent summary of Julia Serano’s discussion of the interplay between “oppositional sexism,” which I first discussed here and “traditional sexism.” Second, there’s a nice summary of the only two standard stereotypes about trans people: the “deceptive” trans (see Jaye Davidson as Dil in “The Crying Game” and the “pathetic” trans (see John Lithgow in “The World According to Garp.”) Here too the externally-imposed stereotypes make a hash of real trans existence.

Ily on Ideal Asexuality vs. Everyday Real Asexuality

Fri, 2009-09-04 15:27

Ily of Asexy Beast points out how asexuals are subject to… well… not exactly heteronormativity so let’s call it maybe “sexnormativity.” Whatever you want to call it boils down to pressure felt by asexuals to conform to the expectations of people who aren’t themselves asexual.

Apparently, there’s an ideal asexual. It’s not me, and no offense, but it probably isn’t you either. Who is it, you ask? Well…

Read her whole post here.

It’s a cool, cool post getting into issues of self-doubt, self-censorship and conformity among asexuals. Which you’d think (if we were trying to construct stereotypes of asexuality!) would be silly since (constructing that asexuality again) you’re obviously either asexual or not, right? No? Good answer! Like trying to answer for another whether they’re gay, or kinky, or trans, or even straight, it’s not for for someone else to decide what it means for you to be asexual. Here’s Ily again (emphasis mine.)

I didn’t realize that “trying to be asexual” can actually mean “trying to be an ideal asexual”, and that it could be a problem, until I read this post/manifesto, also on Apositive. Its author talks about how our increased visibility in the media has also led to the rise of an “ideal” or “good” asexual. Of course, this person doesn’t actually exist, because asexuals appearing in the media no doubt conceal aspects of their asexuality that might be seen as contradictory or confusing.

From conversations I’ve had in person and online with asexual people it’s as messy as, well, any other orientation. Which, if you think about it, is only fair — orientation being a quality of human beings and not much about humans is clear cut.

The first out/activist asexual I met when she joined a pre-blogging online forum on sex. She got just about everything in the book thrown at her from neurosis to buried trauma to unfortunate prescriptions to inhibitions to religious zeal to “just haven’t met the right boy/girl/goat” to… well, the book. To be as cheerfully disinterested in sex as she was just really got people’s… well… goats. Anyone else might have withered in the withering criticism she received, and so I can see how the pressure to conform to outsider’s stereotypes could be intense.

But as Ily also hints, in part because asexuality is so unclearly understood, the more “ideal” the definition becomes the more pressure flesh and blood asexuals are going to face. And, perhaps worse, it raises the risk that people who might otherwise find comfort, camaraderie, and identity are likely to think “well, that can’t be me either.”

And if all that sounds familiar…

Reflections on Male Vulnerability Based on Em & Lo's Reflections on AwkwardBoners.com

Thu, 2009-09-03 19:23

Em & Lo, on the Sundance group blog Sunfilgered link to a, well, ok, it’s self-evident from the URL...

AwkwardBoners.com is one of those genius sites that appeals equally to 13-year-old boys and, well, us. While awkward boners in public can be kind of creepy … the image gallery on this site mostly just makes us glad we’re not dudes. Sure, there are your standard creepy pervs who get a thrill out of showing off their “accidental” erection (something tells us this guy knows exactly what he’s doing — he’s sunbathing in spandex, ferchrissakes!). But most of the boners captured for posterity here underline the fact that penises do the darnedest things.

Read the quote in context here.

Awkward boners just aren’t a laughing matter — they’re awkward!

Which is funny when you think about it — men are supposed to be so sexually aggressive and all but I’m guessing all of us except the random sociopath (doesn’t care if he’s seen) or exhibitionist (cares a lot) wants anyone to know they’ve got a boner outside of a sexual situation. They make you feel extraordinarily vulnerable.

Note: the guy in the photo they mention (it’s at the top of their post) does look like he knows what he’s doing, but it looks like he’s wearing standard cotton/poly trunks, not spandex. I won’t say how I know — though any men reading this probably know it too — but spandex, or even classic nerdly y-front whitey-tighties, pull your erection up against your belly where we all hope it’ll appear less awkwardly visible. (Not unawkward, just not as awkward. And yes, one of the big reasons anyone over about age 16 wears y-fronts is to minimize the bump.)

And yes, they can happen at any time, at any age, for a variety of reasons. Sleeping’s a killer — the average man has multiple erections every night. Memory’s another. Then fantasy. Then visual stimulation. Then, for better or worse, actual sexual interplay.

Even during sexual interplay it can be awkward as we tend to live in mortal dread of appearing pushy (or maybe for some men appearing pushier than we actually are.) Thanks to the Two Rules of Desire we’re dead sure it neither interests nor arouses you to know we’re hard.

And since this post is all over the map anyway, I might as well add that in arousal terms having a boner doesn’t mean we’re already ravening with lust. Erections begin in men at roughly the same stage lubrication begins in women — early on, at the point of interest and anticipation, not the point of inevitability. Oh, and another thing that a lot of people who aren’t in touch don’t seem that clear on: absent further stimulation they go away again all by themselves.

One last thing: I’m actually kind of heartened by this site — for a lot of men it’s the worst that can happen to you. Also for a lot of men, for better or worse, we imagine we’re the only ones who get awkward boners. That’s mostly because they’re usually nowhere near as noticeable to others as they are to us. (Depending on age we can have dozens of them a day, most entirely unwanted. Most people clearly don’t notice.) The site neatly… ok, not exactly neatly, dispels that idea that we’re the only one it ever happens to.

Ending the Spell of the Alpha Male

Mon, 2009-08-17 23:44

I’m bound to refer to it sooner or later so I might as well post it now. Matthew Yglesias says the scientist who proposed the original alpha-male thing about wolves says get over it.

Cliché about “alpha males” and so forth are so deeply ingrained in our culture that I had no idea what they specifically referred to. Apparently, though, it refers to research on hierarchical behavior in wolf packs, research that was done in the 1960s and popularized in part through David Mech’s book The Wolf: Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species.

And in this fascinating video (via Jim Henley) Mech explains why that research is outdated and people should drop the idea:

I nicked the whole post from here.

An old English professor said, with a semi-straight face, that the Royal Society was founded in part by poets who were looking for new metaphors in the workings of the world. And as metaphors attributable to science research goes alpha males have been extremely popular for, ironically, men who imagine themselves to be not alpha males themselves but beta males!

What’s odd, of course, is that most actual women aren’t that drawn to actual “alpha males” — the Arnold Schwarzenegger type, for instance, who really might become “leaders of the pack” if civilization broke down far enough to resemble the (improbable) “state of nature” imagined by romantics who imagine themselves to be daring social scientists.

Houses of Ill Repute

Mon, 2009-08-17 23:36

Via Bill of Portland Maine, senior blogger at Daily Kos from a couple of weeks ago

“I know where I’m going to go on my next break. I’m going to the C Street House in Washington, D.C. You know what this is? It’s kind of a frat house for Christian congressman, where they live and pray together and counsel each other on how to adhere to the nine commandments.”

—-Bill Maher

Read the quote in context here.

Maher isn’t particularly my cup of tea but credit where credit’s due: it’s a good line.

For those who haven’t heard, the C Street House, owned by a elitist, Christian-like cult that falls into the same traps the Jesus warned Pharisees they had fallen into, is pretty much what Maher implies it is — a place where those who imagine they’re going to Heaven can kick back and enjoy freedom from the heavy and grievous burdens they bind to the shoulders of the rest of us. Mark Ensign lived there, Mark Sanford hung out there, now it turns out another canoodling Republican Congressman, Charles Pickering similarly enjoyed himself while living there.

#@!*$%~

Locating Expectations and Responsibility

Wed, 2009-07-15 07:13

Bridget Crawfor of Feminist Law Professors, commenting on what she feels is thin-gruel anti-prostitution legislation in Rhode Island, says

Want to stop prostitution? Publish the names of the customers.

She said it here.

While I don’t agree that anybody should be prosecuted for uncoerced transactional sex I do agree that if you want to get serious about stopping prostitution, as constituted, then you have to start holding buyers responsible instead of sellers. You have to stop blaming the providers (enough of whom are not coerced to make “blaming the victim” an insufficient construction) and start blaming recipients.

And so, by all means, if they’re serious they should publish the names of the customers. (Not that they are.)

The point isn’t that men, the primary customers, are to “blame” for sex work. Nor, I think, should men be punished for seeking it. (Really, seriously, I believe that: sex work as constituted is a product of a social paradigm of sexual scarcity for men. Therefore whatever the solution is it’s not adding to the perception that men must be willing to put themselves at risk to find sex.)

It’s just that one of the big consequences of the heteronormative, androcentric view of the world is the assumption that men’s social/sexual activities are physical, inevitable property of the universe like gravity or the speed of light. With the result that we tend to lament men’s behavior, and fulminate about it, and devise and impose various behavior-modification schemes to try and subvert it, and oh boy do we create layers, and layers, and layers of customs, conventions, rules, regulations, and blame, blame, blaming of others to try and cope with it! But setting and upholding actual, useful, affirmative, non-punitive expectations? Not so much.

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